1. Industrial Expansion 8.5.5—Compare industrial development in South Carolina to industrialization in the rest of the United States, including the expansion of railroads, the development of the phosphate and textile industries, and immigration.

2. Post Civil War Period… Spurred by wartime government spending & support of building the transcontinental railroad (Why would they support this?) Discoveries of iron ore & coal in the west Need for steel to make the railroads, entrepreneurs, & new technology led to growth in the steel & oil industries Meat & grain packing plants for ranches & farms Immigrants looking for American fortunes provided the labor expanded factories

3. Building the transcontinental railroad (24:21)

4. Growth in SC Wasn’t affected by the same growth as the rest of the nation (industry or immigrants) Planter elite looked down on the development of industry, thought it wasn’t “noble” Conservatives were more interested in reviving the old South, than foster in a new south (Why could this be an issue for the future of SC?) Major cities grew along the railroad tracks Columbia was a major hub to over 100 daily trains Transcontinental trains established time zones & standard time

5. Textile Industry Became very important to SC Changing attitudes towards industrial growth in the Upcountry Local investors provided the capital to build the textile mills near cotton fields & along rivers for a power supply Poor farmers were attracted to mill villages that provided: homes, schools, churches, & stores, along with jobs African Americans were not considered for traditional mill labor 1895 technology innovations for textile mills 1910, SC was the 2 nd largest textile producing state

6. This undated and untitled post card has "Pacolet Mill No. 2" written in pencil on the reverse side. This appears to be an early grist mill and not a textile mill. Perhaps this photo was taken during the flood of 1903?-Spartanburg, SC

7. Springs Cotton mill, Lancaster, SC Wylie Mill, Chester, South Carolina, November 1908 Cheraw Cotton Mills, Inc. Cheraw, S. C. Below: Mills No. 1, 2 and 3 of the Union-Buffalo Mills Co. at Union, South Carolina

9. Life for Mill Workers Mill life was not ideal Conditions depended on the generosity of the mill owner & economic condition of the time In depressions- workers laid off & lost their homes Men, women, & children worked long hours for low pay in the mills SC mill workers made less than half of what other workers made across the US SC women & children earned even less than men “lint heads”

10. Life for Mill Workers Governor Tillman reduced work hours per week to 66 hours, from the 6am to 6pm work day Suffered diseases b/c of the work environment Workplace accidents Union organizers were quickly fired/ crushed by mill owners US government backed the interests of the mill owners rather than the workers

11. Luring in Northern Mills Production of cottonseed oil, lumber, and phosphates for fertilizers increased after Reconstruction due to the south luring northern mills south South offered cheaper wage & non-union laborers (why would this matter to mill owners?) Charleston & Beaufort offered phosphate rock, bringing a degree wealth to the coastal areas After the 1893 hurricane, Beaufort’s phosphate mining never recovered & SC companies moved to Florida where new deposits were found