1. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010) ‘Physical & Chemical Properties of Waste Material’ By; Mrs Hafiza Binti Shukor

2. Student should be able to; ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010) EXPLAIN, DEMONSTRATE, and DISCUSS the physical and chemical properties of waste material

3. "Waste" shall mean any substance or object in that intends or is required to discard. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, article 2 WASTE ? ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010) EU Council Directive 75/442/EEC ammended by Council Directive 91/156/EEC art. 1(a). "Wastes" are substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law; The goal of effective industrial waste treatment is directed towards the removal of all contaminants that adversely impact the water as well as air and land environments. (Nemerow and Agardy, 1998)

4. Physical  Related to the quality of water for domestic use.  Associated with the appearance of water  Eg. Color, turbidity, temperature, taste and odor. Chemical  Sometimes evidenced by their observed reactions (comparative performance of hard & soft waters in laundering)  Most often, differences are not visible. Microbiology  Very important in their relation to public health  Significant in modifying the physical and chemical characteristic of water Radiological  Considered in areas where there is a possibility that the water may have come in contact with radioactive substances (Davis and Cornwell,2008) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

5. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS SOLIDS The most important characteristic of wastewater Composed of floating matter, settleable matter, colloidal matter and matter in solution. Solids found in wastewater;  Total solids (TS) Mass remain after evaporation at 103-105 o C  Total Suspended Solid (TSS) Mass remain on whatman filter GF/C after drying at 103-105 o C  Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS) Solids that can be volatilized and burned off when TSS are ignited at 500+50 o C.  Total dissolved solids (TDS) Those solids that pass through the filter and are then evaporated and dried at specified temp.  Settleable Solids Solid settle at the bottom of an “Inhoff Cone” after 60mins (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

6. TURBIDITY Measure of the light –transmitting properties of the water due to presence of suspended material such as clay, organic material, plankton & other particulate material. Measured based on comparison of the intensity of light scattered by reference suspension under the same condition. Unit = Turbidity Unit (TU)@ Nephlometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) Clay @ other suspended particle – not adversely affect health but water containing such particles may require treatment. Turbidity excess of 5 TU easily detectable in a glass of water. Refer to degree of absorption of light energy in visible spectrum (400-700nm) Causes by ; dissolved organic material from decaying vegetation & certain inorganic matter. excessive blooms of algae or growth of aquatic microorganisms. But its presence is aesthetically objectionable & needs appropriate treatment. COLOR (Davis and Cornwell,2008) Continue…. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

7. Continue…. TASTE & ODOR Cause by foreign matter (organic compound, inorganic salts @ dissolved gases. Comes from domestic, agricultural @ natural sources. At point of use, drinking water should be free from any objectionable taste @ odor. Most desirable drinking waters are consistently cool & do not have fluctuations of more than a few degrees. Groundwater & surface water usually meet these criteria. TEMP. (Davis and Cornwell,2008) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

8. Determine the concentration of total solids(TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and volatile suspended solids (VSS) in 50mL of wastewater based on data given; Mass of dry dish = 53.5433 g Mass of dry dish + residue after drying at 105 o C = 53.5794 g Mass of dry dish + residue after ignition at 550 o C = 53.5625 g Mass of Whatman GF/C filter = 1.5433 g Mass of Whatman GF/C filter + residue after drying at 105 o C = 1.5554 g Mass of Whatman GF/C filter + residue after ignition at 550 o C = 1.5476 g Example 1; Analysis of Solids Data…. Ans : Total solids(TS) = 722 mg/L Total dissolved solids (TDS) = 480 mg/L Total suspended solids (TSS) = 242 mg/L Volatile suspended solids (VSS) = 156 mg/L ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

9. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS Most of water contain. Amount presence causes by ; -Leaching of marine sedimentary deposits -Pollution from sea water @ brine @ industrial @ domestic waste. Chloride conc. > 250 mg/L – noticeable taste Domestic water should contain < 100 mg/L chloride. Some areas – water source contain natural fluoride. Excessive fluoride in drinking water – produce fluorosis (mottling) of teeth. Mottled – black sports @ streaks and may become brittle when exposed to large amounts of fluoride. Acceptable level for fluoride conc. between 0.8 – 1.3 mg/L CHLORIDE FLUORIDE (Davis and Cornwell, 2008) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

10. Major clases ; a) Nitrates (NO 3 ) - b)Cyanides (CN) c)Heavy metals constituents; – arsenics (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), and silver (Ag) - effects – cause poisons ( As and Cr 6+) - chronic disease (Pb, Cd, and Hg) There are over 120 toxic organic compounds listed on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Priority Pollutant List. Eg; pesticide, insecticides and solvents. Effects may be acute @chronic. TOXIC INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (Davis and Cornwell, 2008) Continue…. TOXIC ORGANIC SUBSTANCES (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

11. The analysis used to measure aggregate organic material may be divided into 2;  To measure gross conc. of organic substance greater than 1.0 mg/L  To measure trace conc. in the range of 10-12 to 100 mg/L Laboratory methods commonly used today to measure gross amounts of organic matter (typically greater than 1mg/L) in wastewater include;  Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)  Chemical oxygen demand (COD)  Total organic carbon (TOD) Complementing of these laboratory tests is the theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD), which is determined from the chemical formula of the organic matter. Continue…. (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

12. The most widely used parameter of organic pollution 5-day BOD – involved the measurement of the dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms in the biochemical oxidation of organic matter. BOD test results are used to;  Determine the appropriate quantity of oxygen that will be required to biologically stabilize the organic matter present.  Measure the efficiency of some treatment process  Determine the size of waste treatment facilities.  Determine compliance with wastewater discharge permits. BOD at 20 o C for 5 days is used as standard test (measure after 5 days in incubation at 20 o C). Use bacteria to oxidize biodegradable organic in wastewater sample after incubation. BOD can be calculates by measuring DO before & after incubation. Continue…. (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

13. BOD can be calculated by;  when the dilution water is not seeded; BOD (mg/L) = D 1 – D 2 P  when the dilution water is seeded; BOD (mg/L) = (D 1 -D 2 )- (B 1 – B 2 ) f P where, D 1 = dissolved oxygen of diluted sample after preparation (mg/L) D 2 =dissolved oxygen of diluted sample after 5days @ 20oC(mg/L) P = volumetric fraction of sample used to total volume B 1 = dissolved oxygen of seed control before incubation (mg/L) B 2 = dissolved oxygen of seed control after incubation (mg/L) f = ratio of sample to seed in control Seeded is done if the WW is known to contain insufficient numb of microorganism for degradation of WW. Use suitable bacteria culture with the WW system CONTROL is used to eliminate effects by the presence of impurities in dilution water to the BOD value (need to aerated atleast 2hr) Continue…. (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) f = % seed in D 1 % seed in B 1 ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

14. Is assumed to obey first-order kinetics. Continue…. (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) REACTION KINETICS OF BOD…. Where, L t = amount of 1 st order BOD in WW at time t (mg/L) k = reaction rate constant L @ BOD L = total @ ultimate carbonaceous BOD (mg/L) integration Typical value of k for untreated wastewater (base e) is about 0.23d -1. 1 st order reaction rate constant will be expressed in log (base 10) units. The relationship between k (base e) and K (base 10)is as follows; ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

15. Continue…. (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) REACTION KINETICS OF BOD…. Amount BOD at time t, k at temperature (T) other than 20 o C, Amount BOD exerted after time t, Amount BOD exerted after 5 days (BOD 5 ), (T = 20 to 30 o C) (T = 4 to 20 o C) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

16. The following information is available for a seeded 5-day BOD test conducted on a wastewater sample. 15mL of the waste sample was added directly into 300mL incubation bottle. The initial DO of the diluted sample was 8.8mg/L and the final DO after 5 days was 1.9mg/L. The corresponding initial and final DO of the seeded dilution water was 9.1 and 7.9 respectively. What is the 5-day BOD (BOD 5 ) of the wastewater sample? Ans : 115.2 mg/L Example 2; Calculation of BOD (a) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

17. Determine the 1-day BOD and ultimate first-stage BOD for a wastewater whose 5-day 20 o C BOD is 200 mg/L. The reaction constant k (base e)=0.23d -1. What would have been the 5-day BOD if the test had been conducted at 25 o C? Ans : Lt = 293 mg/L, BOD 1 =60.1 mg/L BOD 5 =224 mg/L Example 3; Calculation of BOD (b) Example 4; Calculation of BOD (c) If BOD3 for wastewater sample is 75 mg/L and the BOD decay rate constant is k=0.345 day -1, determine the ultimate BOD value. Ans : L = 116 mg/L, ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

18. A stream of wastewater is discharged into a river at 28 o C. What is the fraction of Maximum oxygen usage in 4 days if the BOD rate constant, k which is determined under standard conditions is 0.115 day -1 (assume 0 = 1.135) Ans : K28= 0.317 day- 1, BOD 4 /L=0.72 Example 5; Calculation of BOD (d) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

19. To measure degree of oxidation/ degradation of organics using strong chemical agent (dichromate in an acid solution). Measure difference of amount of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 before and after heating using ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) as a reducing agent. Use for WW containing toxic substance to microorganism. Higher than BOD Ration BOD/COD varies (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) (+6) (+3) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

20. (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) Differences Between Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) BODCOD Measures biodegradable organics Measures biodegradable and non biodegradable organics Uses oxidizing microorganism Uses a strong chemical agent Affected by toxic substanceNot affected Affected by temperatureNot affected 5 days incubation2 hrs Accuracy + 10%Accuracy + 2% ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

21. To determine total organic carbon in an aqueous sample. The test methods for TOC utilize heat & oxygen, ultraviolet radiation, chemical oxidants, or some combination of these methods to convert organic carbon to carbon dioxide which is measured with an infrared analyzer or by other means. TOC can be used as a measure of its pollution characteristics and in some cases, it has been possible to relate TOC to BOD and COD values. (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) Total Organic Carbon(TOC) Determined based on ‘chemical formula’ of specific organic substances. Consider ‘biochemical & nitrogenous oxygen’ demand Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

22. Determine the theoretical BOD/COD, BOD/TOC, and TOC/COD ratios for The following compound C 5 H 7 NO 2. Assume the value of the BOD first-order Reaction rate constant is 0.23/d (base e) (0.10/d base 10) Ans : BOD/COD = 0.68 BOD/TOC = 1.82 TOC/COD = 0.37 Example 6; Determination of BOD/COD, BOD/TOC, and TOC/COD Ratios ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

23. Example 7; Calculation of ThOD Determine the ThOD for glycine (CH 2 (NH 2 )COOH) using the following assumption; a)If the 1 st step, the organic carbon & nitrogen are converted to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ), respectively b)In the 2 nd and 3 rd steps, the ammonia is oxidized sequentially to nitrite and nitrate. c)The ThOD is the sum of the oxygen required for all three steps. Ans : ThOD= 112 g O 2 /mol glycine. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

24. MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Water for drinking & cooking purposes must be made FREE from disease-producing organisms ( pathogens ) (Davis and Cornwell, 2008) DISEASE - PRODUCING ORGANISMS (pathogens) Disease-producing organisms ( pathogens ) – viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths (worms). Specific disease-producing organism presence in water are not easily identify. The techniques for comprehensive bacteriological examination are COMPLEX and TIME CONSUMING. Eg ; Total Coliform Test Some organism can cause disease in people oroginate with the fecal discharge of infected individuals @ animals. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

25. RADIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Cause by; The development and use of atomic energy as a power source The mining of radioactive materials Naturally occur It is necessary to establish limiting concentrations for the intake into the body. The effect of human exposure to radiation @ radioactive materials are HARMFUL and any unnecessary exposure should be avoided. The amount of radiation to which the individual is normally exposed varies with the amount of background radioactivity. Water with high radioactivity is not normal ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

26. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUNDWATER & SURFACE WATER ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010) Table 1.0 General characteristics of groundwater and surface water GROUNDSURFACE Constant composition High mineralization Little Turbidity Low @ no color Bacteriologically safe No dissolved oxygen High hardness H 2 S, Fe, Mn Varying composition Low mineralization High Turbidity Color Microorganisms Present Dissolved oxygen Low hardness Tastes and odors Possible chemical toxicity Adapted from Davis and Cornwell, 2008

27. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010) GROUNDWATER  Water underneath the ground.  Comes from rain water or water from surface water like lakes or streams that soaks into the soil.  The water is stored underground in the tiny spaces between rocks and soil grains and can move around within the soil.  Groundwater contamination occurs when the water comes into contact with contaminants. SURFACE WATER  Usually rainwater that collects in surface water bodies, like oceans, lakes, or streams.  Another source - groundwater that comes out of the ground from springs.  Become polluted when contaminants come into direct contact and either dissolve or physically mix with the water.

28. CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER  Industrial process generate a wide variety of wastewater pollutant.  The characteristics and level of pollutants very significantly from industry to industry Table 1.1 Example of industrial wastewater concentration for BOD 5 and suspended solids (Davis and Cornwell,2008) IndustryBOD5,mg/LSuspended Solid, mg/L Ammunition Fermentation Slaughterhouse (cattle) Pulp and paper (kraft) Tannery 50-300 4,500 400-2,500 100-350 700-7,000 70-1,700 10,000 400-1,000 75-300 4,000-20,000 ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

29. THE END…… Thank You