2. Ocean Floor Ocean Zones Chapter 3

3. Ocean Topography Main Features

4. Topography Is the study of Earth's surface shape and features. Is the study of Earth's surface shape and features. Ocean topography is the study of the ocean floor and the features of which. Ocean topography is the study of the ocean floor and the features of which.

5. Continental shelf Is the extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal plain, and was part of the continent during the glacial periods, but is undersea during interglacial periods. Is the extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal plain, and was part of the continent during the glacial periods, but is undersea during interglacial periods. Extends from the edge of the continent outward to where the bottom sharply drops off into a steep slope. This is the part you swim in at the beach, until the BIG drop-off about 1,300 km off the coast. Extends from the edge of the continent outward to where the bottom sharply drops off into a steep slope. This is the part you swim in at the beach, until the BIG drop-off about 1,300 km off the coast.

6. Continental slope The descending slope which connects the sea floor to the Continental shelf. This is still considered to be part of the Continent. The descending slope which connects the sea floor to the Continental shelf. This is still considered to be part of the Continent. Is the steep incline between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain. This is the drop-off. Is the steep incline between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain. This is the drop-off.

7. Continental rise A gentle slope with a generally smooth surface, built up by the shedding of sediments from the continental block, and located between the continental slope and the abyssal plain. A gentle slope with a generally smooth surface, built up by the shedding of sediments from the continental block, and located between the continental slope and the abyssal plain.

8. Abyssal plains Abyssal plains are flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. They generally lie between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-oceanic ridge. Abyssal plains are flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. They generally lie between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-oceanic ridge. Home to a variety of unique organisms that are adapted to the extreme conditions of this habitat. Home to a variety of unique organisms that are adapted to the extreme conditions of this habitat.

9. Volcanic fissure A linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is usually a few meters wide and may be many kilometers long A linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is usually a few meters wide and may be many kilometers long

10. Hydrothermal Vent Is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermal heated water issues. Is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermal heated water issues. Is an opening in the sea floor where super-heated water and other material are discharged into the surrounding seawater. Is an opening in the sea floor where super-heated water and other material are discharged into the surrounding seawater. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots.

11. Mid-Ocean ridge A mid-ocean ridge is an underwater mountain range, typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine, formed by plate tectonics. It is usually an oceanic spreading center, which is responsible for seafloor spreading. A mid-ocean ridge is an underwater mountain range, typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine, formed by plate tectonics. It is usually an oceanic spreading center, which is responsible for seafloor spreading.

12. Trench The oceanic trenches are hemispheric-scale (one hemisphere to another) long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. They are also the deepest parts of the ocean floor. The oceanic trenches are hemispheric-scale (one hemisphere to another) long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. They are also the deepest parts of the ocean floor.

13. Mariana Trench Is the deepest part of the world's oceans, and the deepest location on the surface of the Earth's crust. It has a maximum depth of about 10,911meters, or 11 kilometers. Is the deepest part of the world's oceans, and the deepest location on the surface of the Earth's crust. It has a maximum depth of about 10,911meters, or 11 kilometers.

14. Sea Mount A seamount is a mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and thus is not an island. These are typically formed from extinct volcanoes, that rise abruptly. A seamount is a mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and thus is not an island. These are typically formed from extinct volcanoes, that rise abruptly.

15. Oceanic Island One type of oceanic island is found in a volcanic island arc. These islands arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring. One type of oceanic island is found in a volcanic island arc. These islands arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring.

16. Ocean Floor

18. Light Zones The Aphotic-Zone is the lowest layer of the ocean where light does not reach. The Aphotic-Zone is the lowest layer of the ocean where light does not reach. Photic-zone is the top layer of the ocean where sunlight penetrates. Photic-zone is the top layer of the ocean where sunlight penetrates. Disphotic Disphotic Euphotic Euphotic

19. Ocean Temperature Surface Temperature due to ocean mixing water can be heated to a depth of 300 m Surface Temperature due to ocean mixing water can be heated to a depth of 300 m Equator = 30 o C (86 o F) Equator = 30 o C (86 o F) Poles = -2 o C (28.4 o F) Poles = -2 o C (28.4 o F) Below that depth the water is very cold, since ocean temperature decreases rapidly with depth Below that depth the water is very cold, since ocean temperature decreases rapidly with depth

20. Surface Temperature and Salinity by Latitude

21. Ocean Temperature Zones Mixed Layer Mixed Layer Ocean’s surface region where waves and wind mix heat evenly Ocean’s surface region where waves and wind mix heat evenly Absorbs almost all of the sun’s light Absorbs almost all of the sun’s light Most marine life found in this layer Most marine life found in this layer

22. Ocean Temperature Zones Middle Zone Middle Zone Also called the thermocline Also called the thermocline Temperature drops very rapidly here Temperature drops very rapidly here

23. Ocean Temperature Zones Deep Water Deep Water This cold, dense water moves away from the polar regions along the ocean floor and spreads itself over the globe beneath other ocean water This cold, dense water moves away from the polar regions along the ocean floor and spreads itself over the globe beneath other ocean water Here, temperatures are about 2°C Here, temperatures are about 2°C

24. Variations in Ocean Water Temperatures Surface layer is warmest Surface layer is warmest Thermocline is transition layer so colder Thermocline is transition layer so colder Bottom layer is coldest Bottom layer is coldest

25. Ocean Layering Note - thermocline & warm surface layer absent in polar seas, temperatures cold top to bottom In general, ocean layering is caused by density differences of warm and cold water.

26. Ocean Zones

27. Relationships Sustainability – capable of continuing (meeting the needs of the present) over a long period of time without causing permanent damage in the future. Sustainability – capable of continuing (meeting the needs of the present) over a long period of time without causing permanent damage in the future. Sustainability All these organisms are found in almost every marine habitat to help complete the food webs. All these organisms are found in almost every marine habitat to help complete the food webs.

28. Ocean Zones The Intertidal Zone is where the ocean meets the land. This area is exposed to air for part of the day. The Intertidal Zone is where the ocean meets the land. This area is exposed to air for part of the day. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Reef#p006ry1j http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Reef#p006ry1j http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Reef#p006ry1j http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Reef#p0038t3w http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Reef#p0038t3w http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Reef#p0038t3w http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Tide_pool#p008cv3g http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Tide_pool#p008cv3g http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Tide_pool#p008cv3g http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Tide_pool#p007xvbq http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Tide_pool#p007xvbq http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Tide_pool#p007xvbq

29. Intertidal Zone Intertidal Zone - the area that lies between the low-tide and the high-tide line. Intertidal Zone - the area that lies between the low-tide and the high-tide line. Rocky shores Rocky shores Mangroves Mangroves Salt Marshes Salt Marshes Estuaries: a body of water where a river meets the ocean. Estuaries: a body of water where a river meets the ocean.

30. Estuaries Estuaries are areas where fresh water from streams and rivers spills into the ocean. Fresh water and salt water are always mixing in estuaries. Estuaries are areas where fresh water from streams and rivers spills into the ocean. Fresh water and salt water are always mixing in estuaries.

31. Estuaries Plants and Animals of Estuaries Estuaries are rich in nutrients and support large numbers of plankton. The plankton provide food for larger animals, such as fish. Plants and Animals of Estuaries Estuaries are rich in nutrients and support large numbers of plankton. The plankton provide food for larger animals, such as fish. Mammals and birds feed on fish and plants in estuaries. Mammals and birds feed on fish and plants in estuaries. Filters Pollutions Filters Pollutions

32. Organisms by Zone- Intertidal Zones and Upper Photic Zones Nekton - free-swimming organisms whose movements are independent of the tides, currents, and waves. Nekton - free-swimming organisms whose movements are independent of the tides, currents, and waves. Phytoplankton - The plant and algae component of the plankton; the primary producers of most ocean food webs. Phytoplankton - The plant and algae component of the plankton; the primary producers of most ocean food webs. Zooplankton - Animal component of the plankton that feed on phytoplankton and other zooplankton (primary consumers). Zooplankton - Animal component of the plankton that feed on phytoplankton and other zooplankton (primary consumers).

33. Groups of Marine life

34. Coast-Shorelines, Rocky, Sandy, Coral Reefs Diverse plants and animals that have adapted to variable conditions. Diverse plants and animals that have adapted to variable conditions. Can tolerate variations in water salinity, D.O., and wave action Can tolerate variations in water salinity, D.O., and wave action Light Light Small percentage of total ocean body, but contains most of the seafood caught for human consumption. Small percentage of total ocean body, but contains most of the seafood caught for human consumption. Other coastal habitats: mangroves, kelp forests Other coastal habitats: mangroves, kelp forests Typical species: Fish species worldwide: 28,000 Fish species worldwide: 28,000 Cnidarians (seapens/Jellyfish/corals) worldwide: 11,000 Cnidarians (seapens/Jellyfish/corals) worldwide: 11,000 Crustaceans worldwide: 52,000 Crustaceans worldwide: 52,000

35. Zones of Life along a Rocky Shore Why are some animals and plants located in special zones and not all over? Why are some animals and plants located in special zones and not all over?

36. Sandy Shoreline Community Soft bottom communities are found in areas where Soft bottom communities are found in areas where sediment has accumulated sediment has accumulated Dominate the east coast Dominate the east coast of the U.S and the gulf coast Due to the environmental conditions most animals bury themselves in the substrate. Due to the environmental conditions most animals bury themselves in the substrate. Ghost crab

37. Sandy Beach Zonation

38. The Neritic Zone is farther away from the shore. The ocean floor starts to slope downward and the water is becomes deeper. The water is warm and receives a lot of sunlight.

39. Ocean Zones cont. The Oceanic Zone contains the deep water of the open ocean. Some animals in this zone live in very deep water. The Oceanic Zone contains the deep water of the open ocean. Some animals in this zone live in very deep water.

40. Deep Ocean Zones Surface zone- the top part of the ocean water. Surface zone- the top part of the ocean water. Transition zone- surface up to 1 km. Transition zone- surface up to 1 km. Deep ocean or Abyssal plain- mostly flat portion of ocean floor which provides a home to a variety of unique organisms that are adapted to the extreme conditions of this habitat. Deep ocean or Abyssal plain- mostly flat portion of ocean floor which provides a home to a variety of unique organisms that are adapted to the extreme conditions of this habitat.

41. Open Ocean-Pelagic Zone http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/diver-encounters- floating-garbage-patch http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/diver-encounters- floating-garbage-patch http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/diver-encounters- floating-garbage-patch http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/diver-encounters- floating-garbage-patch photosynthesis is performed by phytoplankton, algae. photosynthesis is performed by phytoplankton, algae. low in nutrients because organic debris (such as dead animals) sinks to much greater depths. low in nutrients because organic debris (such as dead animals) sinks to much greater depths. some areas nutrients are brought to surface by upwelling, storms, and ocean currents some areas nutrients are brought to surface by upwelling, storms, and ocean currents phytoplankton grow rapidly phytoplankton grow rapidly These areas are some of the most productive on the planet, supporting tons of life. These areas are some of the most productive on the planet, supporting tons of life. Typical species: squid, tuna, marlin, sharks, seabirds, dolphins, and toothed whales, blue whale, sea turtles Typical species: squid, tuna, marlin, sharks, seabirds, dolphins, and toothed whales, blue whale, sea turtles Light to approximately 200m Light to approximately 200m Temp in winter 55F to summer 65-70F Temp in winter 55F to summer 65-70F

42. Open Ocean-Mesopelagic Beyond the continental shelf Beyond the continental shelf Organisms migrate seasonally for mating and food resources (vertical sea column migrations) Organisms migrate seasonally for mating and food resources (vertical sea column migrations) Twilight zone of the ocean because little light penetrates this deep and beginning of bioluminescence range Twilight zone of the ocean because little light penetrates this deep and beginning of bioluminescence range Temp: 40-65F Temp: 40-65F

43. Open Ocean Organisms

44. The Benthic Zone is the ocean floor. The deepest parts of the benthic zone do not get any sunlight and are very cold. is the ocean floor. The deepest parts of the benthic zone do not get any sunlight and are very cold.

45. The Sea Floor-Benthic Zone includes the Abyssal Zone Depths of 2,000 to 6,000 meters (6,560 to 19,680 feet) Depths of 2,000 to 6,000 meters (6,560 to 19,680 feet) Perpetual darkness Perpetual darkness Very few species exist in this part relative to other ocean zones Very few species exist in this part relative to other ocean zones Extreme Pressure water pressure increases one atmosphere every 33 feet in depth Extreme Pressure water pressure increases one atmosphere every 33 feet in depth Animals: deep-sea anglerfish, giant squid, black swallower, tripod fish. Animals: deep-sea anglerfish, giant squid, black swallower, tripod fish. Hydrothermal vents: Chemosynthesis, the basis of life in the deep sea Hydrothermal vents: Chemosynthesis, the basis of life in the deep sea abundance of life around mid-ocean vents due to chemosynthetic bacteria-supported large tube worms, crustaceans, and multitudes of other organisms. abundance of life around mid-ocean vents due to chemosynthetic bacteria-supported large tube worms, crustaceans, and multitudes of other organisms. Temp: 33-40F year round Temp: 33-40F year round NO SUN NECESSARY!

46. Organisms by Zone- Deep Ocean Bioluminescence -The production of non-thermal light by creatures' converting chemical energy to light energy to lure prey, attract a mate, or assist in keeping like species together. An estimated 75 percent of benthic creatures glow. Bioluminescence -The production of non-thermal light by creatures' converting chemical energy to light energy to lure prey, attract a mate, or assist in keeping like species together. An estimated 75 percent of benthic creatures glow. Benthos - organisms that live on or in the ocean floor. Benthos - organisms that live on or in the ocean floor.

47. Salinity-generally increases with depth surface fluctuations are caused by formation of sea ice, influx of fresh water, and evaporation

48. Benthic zone http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/hydrothermal- vents?source=relatedvideo http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/hydrothermal- vents?source=relatedvideo http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/sea-creatures-deep-video-national-geographic- and-census-marine-life http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/sea-creatures-deep-video-national-geographic- and-census-marine-life http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Deep_sea#p0038vr1 http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Deep_sea#p006v478 http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Deep_sea#p006v47r

49. Ocean Zones

51. Upwelling the upward movement to the ocean surface of deeper, cold and usually nutrient-rich waters, especially along some shores, due to the offshore movement of surface water. the upward movement to the ocean surface of deeper, cold and usually nutrient-rich waters, especially along some shores, due to the offshore movement of surface water.