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NFPA 101 Life Safety Code Means of Egress Presented By:

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2 NFPA 101 Life Safety Code Means of Egress Presented By:

3 Introduction The Life Safety Code, formerly the Building Exits Code, originated from work performed by the Committee on Safety to Life, of the NFPA, in 1913. At first, the committee devoted its attention to a study of the notable fires involving loss of life…

4 Introduction … such as the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire (1911) in which nearly 150 women and young girls died because of locked fire exits and inadequate fire extinguishing systems.

5 Introduction In 1942, the Coconut Grove nightclub fire in Boston killed 492 people, including the famous Rough Rider, Buck Jones.

6 Introduction That fire focused national attention upon the importance of adequate exits, means of egress, and related fire safety features.

7 Introduction The original version of Subpart E of OSHA’s General Industry Standards, titled “Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, and Fire Prevention Plans”, was promulgated from the National Fire Protection Association "Life Safety Code“, NFPA

8 Purpose of The Life Safety Code
In most standards/codes devoted to the subject of emergency egress and exits, the emphasis will be on escaping from fires Workplace fires and explosions kill approximately 300 and injure more than 5,000 workers each year Annually, more than 75,000 workplace fires cost businesses more than $2.3 billion

9 Purpose of The Life Safety Code
While fires are certainly a primary reason for emergency egress from a building, it is not the only reason. Good means of egress will provide a measure of safety when workers respond to other hazards as well: Explosions Earthquakes Smoke (without fire) Toxic vapors Storms (tornado, hurricane, etc.) Flash floods Actions by terrorist groups, mentally ill persons, or violent individuals

10 Purpose of The Life Safety Code
The purpose of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Life Safety Code (NFPA 101) is “…to provide minimum requirements, with due regard to function, for design, operation, and maintenance of buildings and structures for safety to life from fire.”

11 Introduction The Life Safety Code (NFPA 101) is revised every three years…the current edition is 2012

12 Introduction OSHA’s Subpart E, was amended on November 7, 2002.
Now the standard recognizes compliance with NFPA 101 as satisfactory for compliance with portions of OSHA Subpart E. As referenced in 29 CFR : “An employer who demonstrates compliance with the exit route provisions of NFPA , the Life Safety Code, will be deemed to be in compliance with the corresponding requirements in , , and ”

13 Life Safety Code The Life Safety Code is very detailed and describes:
State-of-the-art egress requirements, stair markings, and emergency lighting Current accepted rules concerning smoke barriers, special hazard protection, and interior finishes The most sophisticated performance-based option for code compliance Industry accepted rules for occupancies from one- and two-family dwellings...to hotels, schools, businesses, and general industry Updated references to more than 50 codes and standards such as the National Electrical Code®, NFPA 13: Installation of Sprinkler Systems and NFPA 72®: National Fire Alarm Code®

14 Life Safety Code NFPA 101,The Life Safety Code, is comprised of:
Pages Chapters Double Column-9 point print size

15 OSHA, 1910, Subpart E Exit Routes, (Section 1910. 34-1910
OSHA, 1910, Subpart E Exit Routes, (Section ) is comprised of: ~ Pages 4 Sections Single column-12 point print size

16 Life Safety Code We will review some components of: Chapter 4 “General” Chapter 7 “Means of Egress“, and… Chapter 40 “Industrial Occupancies”, Section 40.2 ”Means of Egress Requirements”

17 Life Safety Code Compared to OSHA
…and compare portions of: OSHA, General Industry Standards, Subpart E “Coverage and Definitions“ “Compliance With NFPA , Life Safety Code“ “Design and Construction Requirements For Exit Routes“ “Maintenance, Safeguards“ 1910 Subpart E Appendix “A Non-mandatory Guideline“

18 Life Safety Code Enforcement Authority
If adopted by your state or local government, the enforcing agent is the “Authority Having Jurisdiction”… …usually your state or local Fire Marshal and/or building code inspector.

19 OSHA Standard Enforcement Authority
If the Life Safety Code is referenced for specific compliance in OSHA Subpart E, then the enforcing agent is your state and/or federal OSHA compliance officer.

20 Life Safety Code Application
NFPA 101 requirements for Means of Egress apply to both new and existing buildings, but requirements may be different for new vs existing

21 Means Of Egress Life Safety Code: Definition
Means of Egress-“A continuous and unobstructed way of travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way consisting of three separate and distinct parts”: The exit access The exit The exit discharge Work Area 1 2 3

22 Means Of Egress OSHA 1910.34: Definition
Exit Route -“A continuous and unobstructed way of travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way consisting of three separate and distinct parts”: The exit access The exit The exit discharge Work Area 1 2 3

23 Means Of Egress Chapter 4, “General”
The Life Safety Code, Chapter 4, “General”, Section “Means Of Egress” contains general requirements for all means of egress: Number of Means Of Egress Unobstructed Egress Awareness of Egress System Lighting

24 Means Of Egress Chapter 4, “General”
Number of Means Of Egress- “Two means of egress, as a minimum, shall be provided in every building…[and] shall be arranged to minimize the possibility that both might be rendered impassable by the same emergency condition.”

25 Means Of Egress Chapter 4, “General”
Unobstructed Egress- “…means of egress from all parts of the building shall be maintained free and unobstructed… …No lock or fastening shall be permitted that prevents free escape from the inside of any building…”

26 Means Of Egress Chapter 4, “General”
Awareness Of Egress System- “Every exit shall be clearly visible, or the route to reach every exit shall be conspicuously indicated.” “Each means of egress, in its entirety, shall be arranged or marked so that the way to a place of safety is indicated in a clear manner.”

27 Means Of Egress OSHA , “Exit Routes Maintained”
29 CFR (d) During construction, renovation, alterations…- “During new construction, employees must not occupy a workplace until the exit routes required …are completed and ready for employee use for the portion of the workplace they occupy.”

28 Means Of Egress OSHA , “Exit Routes Maintained”
29 CFR (d) During construction, renovation, alterations…- “During repairs or alterations, employees must not occupy a workplace unless the exit routes required… are available and existing fire protections are maintained, or until alternate fire protection is furnished….”

29 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
The Life Safety Code, Chapter 7, Means of Egress consists of 12 Sections: 7.1 General 7.2 Means of Egress Components 7.3 Capacity of Means Of Egress 7.4 Number of Means Of Egress 7.5 Arrangement of Means Of Egress 7.6 Measurement of Travel Distance to Exits 7.7 Discharge From Exits 7.8 Illumination of Means Of Egress 7.9 Emergency Lighting 7.10 Marking of Means Of Egress 7.11 Special Provisions for Occupancies with High Hazard Contents 7.12 Mechanical Equipment Rooms, Boiler Rooms, Furnace Rooms

30 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.1 General- Exit Access Corridors- “Corridors used as exit access …shall be separated from other parts of the building by walls having not less than a 1-hour fire resistance rating…”

31 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.1 General- Exit Enclosure- “An exit enclosure shall not be used for any other purpose that has the potential to interfere with its use as an exit…”

32 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.1 General- Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish in Exit Enclosure- “Interior wall and ceiling finishes shall be in accordance with Section 10.2” e.g. Materials applied directly to the walls and ceilings in a total thickness of not more than 0.9 mm (1/25 inch) shall be exempt… (2) Where carpet or carpet-like material not meeting the requirements of ASTM D2859 Flammability of Finished Textile Materials is used… (2)(a) During a 150 kW exposure, the following criteria shall be met: Flame shall not spread to the outer extremities of a sample on the 2440mm X 3660mm (96 inch X 144 ich) wall

33 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.1 General- Headroom (NEW CONSTRUCTION)- “Means of egress shall be designed and maintained to provide headroom…not less than 90 inches, with projections from the ceiling, not less than 80 inches” Revised OSHA…29 CFR (g)(1) Ceiling- “…must be at least seven feet six inches (90 inches)… with projections from the ceiling, not less than six feet eight inches (80 inches)”

34 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.1 General- Headroom (EXISTING CONSTRUCTION)- “In existing buildings the ceiling height shall be not less than 84 inches, and with projections from the ceiling, not less than 80 inches” Revised OSHA…29 CFR (g)(1) Ceiling- No mention of exception for existing buildings…Refer to

35 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.1 General- Walking Surfaces- “Abrupt changes in elevation shall not exceed ¼ inch” “Changes in elevation between ¼ inch and ½ inch shall be beveled 1 to 2” “Changes exceeding ½ inch shall be considered a change in level” “A change in level…shall be achieved by means of a ramp or stair”

36 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.1 General- Furnishings and Decorations in Means of Egress- “No furnishings, decorations, or other objects shall obstruct exits, access thereto, egress therefrom, or visibility thereof.” Revised OSHA 29 CFR (a)(1)- “Exit routes must be kept free of explosives or highly flammable furnishings or other decorations.” Revised OSHA 29 CFR (a)(3)- “Exit routes must be kept free and unobstructed. No materials or equipment may be placed…within the exit route.”

37 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.2 Means Of Egress Components- Doors- “Door openings in means of egress shall not be less than 32 inches in clear width.” 32” minimum

38 Means Of Egress OSHA, “Exit Route”
29 CFR (g)(2) Exit Route- Exit Access & Exit – “…must be at least 28 inches” 32” minimum 28” minimum

39 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.2 Means Of Egress Components- Minimum Door Width (EXCEPTIONS)- Rooms < 70 sq. ft. that are not required to be accessible to persons with severe mobility impairments, shall not be less than 24 inches door leaf width. Doors serving a building, or portion thereof, that is not required to be accessible to persons with severe mobility impairments, shall not be less than 28 inches door leaf width. Existing buildings…shall not be less than 28 inches door leaf width. 24”

40 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.2 Means Of Egress Components- Minimum Door Width (EXCEPTIONS)- Rooms < 70 sq. ft. that are not required to be accessible to persons with severe mobility impairments, shall not be less than 24 inches door leaf width. Doors serving a building, or portion thereof, that is not required to be accessible to persons with severe mobility impairments, shall not be less than 28 inches door leaf width. Existing buildings…shall not be less than 28 inches door leaf width. 28”

41 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.2 Means Of Egress Components- Minimum Door Width (EXCEPTIONS)- Rooms < 70 sq. ft. that are not required to be accessible to persons with severe mobility impairments, shall not be less than 24 inches door leaf width. Doors serving a building, or portion thereof, that is not required to be accessible to persons with severe mobility impairments, shall not be less than 28 inches door leaf width. Existing buildings…shall not be less than 28 inches door leaf width. 28”

42 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.2 Means Of Egress Components- Doors- “Doors required to be of the side-hinged or pivoted-swinging type shall swing in the direction of travel where serving a room or area with an occupant load of 50 or more…”

43 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.2 Means Of Egress Components- Doors- “A door shall swing in the direction of egress travel under either of the following conditions:” Where the door is used as an exit enclosure… Where the door serves a high hazard contents area

44 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.2 Means Of Egress Components- Locks, Latches, and Alarm Devices- “Doors shall be arranged to be opened readily from the egress side whenever the building is occupied” “Locks, if provided, shall not require the use of a key, a tool, or special knowledge or effort for operation from the egress side.”

45 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.2 Means Of Egress Components- Panic Hardware and Fire Exit Hardware- “Where a door is required to be equipped with panic hardware, such hardware shall meet the following criteria:” It shall consist of a cross bar or push pad…which extends not less than one-half of the width of the door leaf. It shall not require more than a 15 lb force to actuate the cross bar or push pad.

46 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.2 Stairs- Dimensional Uniformity- “Variation in excess of 3/16 inch in the depth of adjacent treads or in height of adjacent risers shall be prohibited”

47 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.2 Stairs- Handrails- “The design of …handrails…shall be such that there are no projections that might engage loose clothing.” “New handrails shall be continuously graspable along their entire length”

48 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.2 Exit Passageways- Width- “The width of an exit passageway shall be adequate to accommodate the aggregate required capacity of all exits that discharge through it…”

49 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.3 Capacity Of Means Of Egress- Sufficient Capacity for Occupant Load- “The total capacity of the means of egress for any story, …or other occupied space shall be sufficient for the occupant load” “The occupant load shall not be less than the number of persons determined by dividing the floor area…by the occupant load factor…” (e.g. Industrial: 100 sq. ft. per person)

50 Means Of Egress OSHA, “Capacity of an exit ”
29 CFR (f)(2) Capacity Of An Exit Route “The capacity of an exit route may not decrease in the direction of exit route travel to the exit discharge.” “Note to paragraph (f): Information regarding “Occupant Load” is located in NFPA , Life Safety Code.”

51 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.4 Number Of Means Of Egress- General- “The number of means of egress …shall be not less than two.” “The number of means of egress …occupant load more than 500, but less than 1,000-not less than 3.” “…occupant load more than 1,000…not less than 4.”

52 Means Of Egress OSHA, “Exit Routes”
29 CFR (b)(2) More Than Two Exit Routes- “More than two exit routes must be available in a workplace if the number of employees, the size of the building, its occupancy, or arrangement of the workplace is such that all employees would not be able to evacuate safely during an emergency.”

53 Means Of Egress OSHA, “Exit Routes”
29 CFR (b)(3) A Single Exit Route- “A single exit route is permitted where the number of employees, the size of the building, its occupancy, or the arrangement of the workplace is such that all employees would be able to evacuate safely during an emergency.”

54 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.5 Arrangement Of Means Of Egress- General- “Exits shall be located and exit access arranged so that exits are readily accessible at all times.”

55 Means Of Egress OSHA, “Outdoor Exit”
29 CFR (h)(2) Outdoor Exit Route- “The outdoor exit route must be covered if snow and ice is likely to accumulate along the route, unless the employer can demonstrate that any snow or ice accumulation will be removed before it presents a slipping hazard.”

56 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.5 Arrangement Of Means Of Egress- Impediments To Egress- “Access to an exit shall not be through kitchens, storerooms, restrooms, closets…or similar spaces…”

57 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.5 Arrangement Of Means Of Egress- Impediments To Egress- “Mirrors shall not be placed on exit doors.” “Mirrors shall not be placed in or adjacent to any exit in such a manner as to confuse the direction of exit.” EXIT

58 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.7 Discharge From Exits- Exit Termination- “Exits shall terminate directly, at a public way or at an exterior exit discharge...”

59 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.9 Emergency Lighting- General- “Where maintenance of illumination depends on changing from one energy source to another, a delay of not more than 10 seconds shall be permitted.”

60 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.9 Emergency Lighting- Performance of System- “Emergency illumination shall provide for not less than 1½ hours in the event of failure of normal lighting.”

61 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.9 Emergency Lighting- Performance of System- “Emergency lighting facilities shall provide initial illumination that is not less than 1 ft-candle...”

62 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.9 Emergency Lighting- Periodic Testing of Emergency Lighting- “Testing of required emergency lighting systems shall tested in accordance with one of the three options offered:” 1. Manual, functional testing 2. Self-test/self-diagnostic 3. Computer-based self-test/self-diagnostic

63 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.9 Emergency Lighting- Periodic Testing of Emergency Lighting- Each of the three options must provide for the following: 1. Testing at 30 day intervals for not less than 30 seconds 2. Testing annually for not less than 1 ½ hour (if battery powered) 3. Written or computer based record of visual inspections and tests kept for inspection by the authority having jurisdiction

64 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.10 Marking Means Of Egress- Exits- “Exits…shall be marked by an approved sign that is readily visible from any direction of exit access.”

65 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.10 Marking Means Of Egress- Exit Stair Door Tactile Signage- “Tactile signage shall be placed at each exit door requiring an exit sign.”

66 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.10 Marking Means Of Egress- Directional Indicator- “The directional indicator shall be of a chevron type…and shall be identifiable as a directional indicator at a distance of 40 feet.”

67 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.10 Marking Means Of Egress- No Exit- “Any door, passage, or stairway that is neither an exit nor a way of exit access and that is located or arranged so that it is likely to be mistaken for an exit shall be identified by a sign that reads as follows:” NO EXIT

68 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.10 Marking Means Of Egress- No Exit- “The NO EXIT sign shall have the word NO in letters 2 inches high,…and the word EXIT in letters 1 inch high, with the word “EXIT” below the word “NO”, unless such sign is an approved existing sign.” NO EXIT

69 Means Of Egress OSHA, “Lighting and Marking”
29 CFR (b)(5) Marking- Not An Exit- “Each doorway or passage along an exit access that could be mistaken for an exit must be marked “Not an Exit” or similar designation, or be identified by a sign indicating its actual use.” Not an Exit

70 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.10 Marking Means Of Egress- Testing and Maintenance- “Exit signs shall be visually inspected for operation of illumination sources at intervals not to exceed 30 days…”

71 Means Of Egress Chapter 7, “Means Of Egress”
7.11 Special Provisions for High Hazard Occupancies- Travel Distance- “Where contents are classified as high hazard, exits shall be provided and arranged to allow all occupants to escape …to the outside or place of safety with a travel distance of not more than 75 ft…”

72 Means Of Egress Chapter 40, “Industrial Occupancies”
40.2 Means Of Egress Requirements- Doors- “Approved existing horizontal-sliding doors shall be permitted in the means of egress under the following conditions:” They are held open by fusible links The fusible links are located not more than 120 inches above the floor The fusible links are in the immediate proximity of the door

73 Means Of Egress Chapter 40, “Industrial Occupancies”
40.2 Means Of Egress Requirements- Arrangement of Means of Egress- “Means of egress, arranged according to Section 7.5, shall not exceed that provided by Table ” e.g. Dead-end Corridor: 50 ft (General Industrial), Prohibited (High Hazard Industrial)

74 Means Of Egress Chapter 40, “Industrial Occupancies”
40.2 Means Of Egress Requirements- Travel Distance To Exits- “Travel distance shall not exceed that provided by Table ” e.g. Protected by automatic sprinkler system throughout: General Industrial Occupancy (single story) ft General Industrial Occupancy ft High Hazard Industrial Occupancy ft

75 Means Of Egress …On the Horizon?
Stairs shall comply with 7.2.2

76 Means Of Egress New for 2012 7.2.2.5.5 Exit Stair Path Markings
Where stair path markings are required in Chapters 11 through 43, such markings shall be installed.

77 Means Of Egress New for 2012 Exit Stair Path Markings
This change was one of the recommendations made by the World Trade Center Building Code Task Force in 2002, and became a requirement for high rise buildings in New York City.

78 Means Of Egress New for 2012 Exit Stair Path Markings
Regarding luminous egress path markings… These markings on stairs, walls, floors, and doors help illuminate the egress path in exit enclosures, which can be difficult to navigate in emergency conditions.

79 Means Of Egress New for 2012 Exit Stair Path Markings
Door hardware marked with luminous material –hardware used to release latch outlined with 1″ minimum stripe

80 Means Of Egress New for 2012 Exit Stair Path Markings
Panic Hardware – 1” wide min. stripe for the entire length of the touchpad or crossbar.

81 Means Of Egress New for 2012 Exit Stair Path Markings
1”-2” stripe around frame – on face of frame or wall.

82 Means Of Egress New for 2012 Door Marking Requirements
Basically, the codes are describing doors within a stairwell or exit passageway, that lead to the exterior – the exit discharge and any additional doors that you have to use to reach the exit discharge after you are in the exit enclosure.

83 Means Of Egress New for 2012 Exit Stair Path Markings
NFPA 101 states that the markings must be installed where required by the occupancy chapters. However, there are currently no occupancy chapters that reference the requirements for exit stair path markings.

84 Means Of Egress OSHA Subpart E, “Appendix”
Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans,…- Employee Emergency Plans - “The employer should ensure that an adequate number of employees are available at all times during working hours to act as evacuation wardens so that employees can be swiftly moved from the danger location to safe areas.

85 To Obtain A Copy of The Life Safety Code
NFPA 101: Life Safety Code® 2003 Edition-The cost is $89.50 plus shipping or it can be downloaded as a PDF file and printed…or order from the NFPA by calling NFPA 101: Life Safety Code® and Handbook Set- This set includes both The Life Safety Code and a companion handbook that graphically illustrates the requirements of the code and provides commentary and solutions for code compliance.   The cost is $ plus shipping.

86 NFPA 101 Life Safety Code Means of Egress Presented By:

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