1. AP Comparative Government & Politics Conceptual Review

2. Authoritarian Rule

3. A system of rule in which power depends not on popular legitimacy but on the coercive force of the political authorities. A system of rule in which power depends not on popular legitimacy but on the coercive force of the political authorities.

4. Authority

5. Authority The legal right to exercise power on behalf of the society and/or government The legal right to exercise power on behalf of the society and/or government Compared/contrasted with “power” Compared/contrasted with “power”

6. Bonyads

7. Bonyads Quasi-private foundations and religious endowments that are charged with aiding the poor by managing many state-owned enterprises Quasi-private foundations and religious endowments that are charged with aiding the poor by managing many state-owned enterprises

8. Bureaucracy

9. Bureaucracy A hierarchically structured organization charged with carrying out policies determined by those with political authority A hierarchically structured organization charged with carrying out policies determined by those with political authority

10. Camarilla

11. Camarilla A complex organization of patronage typically lead by the president where you have to show loyalty to a higher ranking to curry favor A complex organization of patronage typically lead by the president where you have to show loyalty to a higher ranking to curry favor

12. Catch All Party

13. A political party whose aim is to gather support from a broad range of citizens through a de-emphasis of ideology and an emphasis on pragmatism, charismatic leadership, and marketing A political party whose aim is to gather support from a broad range of citizens through a de-emphasis of ideology and an emphasis on pragmatism, charismatic leadership, and marketing

14. Clientelism

15. Clientelism An exchange system in which clients offer support and loyalty to patrons who offer material and intangible benefits An exchange system in which clients offer support and loyalty to patrons who offer material and intangible benefits An informal aspect of policymaking in which a powerful patron offers resources such as land, contracts, protection, or jobs in return for the support and services of lower-status and less powerful clients An informal aspect of policymaking in which a powerful patron offers resources such as land, contracts, protection, or jobs in return for the support and services of lower-status and less powerful clients Corruption, preferential treatment, and inequality are characteristics of Clientelism Corruption, preferential treatment, and inequality are characteristics of Clientelism Patron-client networks Patron-client networks

16. Cleavages

17. Cleavages Factors that separate groups within a society Factors that separate groups within a society May be cultural, historic, geographic, economic, ethnic, racial, etc. May be cultural, historic, geographic, economic, ethnic, racial, etc. The wider and deeper the cleavages, the less unified the society The wider and deeper the cleavages, the less unified the society Cleavages which coincide with one another can reinforce each other Cleavages which coincide with one another can reinforce each other Cleavages that don’t coincide can weaken divisions between groups. Cleavages that don’t coincide can weaken divisions between groups.

18. Civil Service

19. A system of carefully describing tasks involved in performing government jobs, evaluating applicants for those jobs (civil service exams), and hiring people from among those applicants based on skills and experience rather than political factors A system of carefully describing tasks involved in performing government jobs, evaluating applicants for those jobs (civil service exams), and hiring people from among those applicants based on skills and experience rather than political factors

20. Civil Society

21. Refers to the space occupied by voluntary associations outside of the state Refers to the space occupied by voluntary associations outside of the state For example, professional associations, trade unions, student groups, women’s groups, religious bodies and other voluntary association groups For example, professional associations, trade unions, student groups, women’s groups, religious bodies and other voluntary association groups

22. Code Law

23. no tradition of judicial review or consistent application of the law. no tradition of judicial review or consistent application of the law. letter of the law is what matters. letter of the law is what matters. great in theory. great in theory. no interpretation of judge—follow the code (the law) no interpretation of judge—follow the code (the law) Most developing countries have this system Most developing countries have this system

24. Common Law

25. Common Law Common Law Law based on tradition, past practices, and legal precedents set by the courts through interpretations of statutes, legal legislation, and past rulings Law based on tradition, past practices, and legal precedents set by the courts through interpretations of statutes, legal legislation, and past rulings In short, “one application determines the next application of the law” In short, “one application determines the next application of the law” Precedence Precedence

26. Corporatism

27. Corporatism A state in which interest groups become an institutional part of the political structure A state in which interest groups become an institutional part of the political structure

28. Corporatism A system of governance in which the government is dominated by representatives of groups within society; may or may not be democratic to some degree A system of governance in which the government is dominated by representatives of groups within society; may or may not be democratic to some degree Compared to pluralism Compared to pluralism A political theory or system of power sharing among a number of political parties A political theory or system of power sharing among a number of political parties

29. Charismatic Authority

30. A style of leadership based on the leader's exceptional personal qualities A style of leadership based on the leader's exceptional personal qualities

31. Checks and Balances

32. A governmental system of divided authority in which coequal branches can restrain each other’s actions A governmental system of divided authority in which coequal branches can restrain each other’s actions

33. Coup d'état

34. A forceful replacement of a regime or a government by a small elite group or groups A forceful replacement of a regime or a government by a small elite group or groups

35. Command Economy

36. An economic/political system in which government decisions rather than markets determine resource use and output (central planning) An economic/political system in which government decisions rather than markets determine resource use and output (central planning)

37. Communism

38. Communism A system of social organization based on the common ownership and coordination of production. A system of social organization based on the common ownership and coordination of production. Never realized! Never realized! Justified single party states Justified single party states

39. Controlled Interest Group Systems

40. There is a single group for each social sector. There is a single group for each social sector. Membership is often compulsory. Membership is often compulsory. Each group is normally hierarchically organized. Each group is normally hierarchically organized. Groups are controlled by the government or its agents in order to mobilize support for government policy. (Communism!) Groups are controlled by the government or its agents in order to mobilize support for government policy. (Communism!) Key Point: Groups exist to facilitate government control of society! Key Point: Groups exist to facilitate government control of society!

41. Neo- Corporatist Interest Group Systems

42. A single peak association normally represents each societal interest. A single peak association normally represents each societal interest. Membership in the peak association is often compulsory and nearly universal. Membership in the peak association is often compulsory and nearly universal. Peak associations are centrally organized and direct the actions of their members. Peak associations are centrally organized and direct the actions of their members. Groups are often systematically involved in making and implementing policy. Groups are often systematically involved in making and implementing policy. Key Point: Interest group part of policy process! Key Point: Interest group part of policy process!

43. Comparative Economic Sectors (Ethel Wood) Primary Sector (agriculture) Primary Sector (agriculture) Secondary Sector (industry) Secondary Sector (industry) Tertiary Sector (services) Tertiary Sector (services)Cont.

44. Comparative Economic Sectors (Ethel Wood) Primary Sector (agriculture) Primary Sector (agriculture) The part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment. The part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment. Agriculture, raising animals, fishing, forestry, and mining Agriculture, raising animals, fishing, forestry, and mining Is largest in low-income, pre-industrial nations. Is largest in low-income, pre-industrial nations. Secondary Sector (industry) Secondary Sector (industry) The part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods. The part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods. This sector grows quickly as societies industrialize This sector grows quickly as societies industrialize Refining petroleum into gasoline and turning metals into tools and automobiles. Refining petroleum into gasoline and turning metals into tools and automobiles. Creates migration from rural to urban areas to take advantage of new jobs created by industrialization. Creates migration from rural to urban areas to take advantage of new jobs created by industrialization.

45. Comparative Economic Sectors (Ethel Wood) Tertiary Sector (services) Tertiary Sector (services) The part of the economy that involves services rather than goods The part of the economy that involves services rather than goods This sector grows with industrialization and comes to dominate post-industrial societies, or countries where most people are no longer employed in industry This sector grows with industrialization and comes to dominate post-industrial societies, or countries where most people are no longer employed in industry Finance, trade, construction, private services, real estate, government and transportation. Finance, trade, construction, private services, real estate, government and transportation.

46. Constitution

47. Constitution A supreme law that defines the structure of a nation-state’s regime and the legal processes governments must follow A supreme law that defines the structure of a nation-state’s regime and the legal processes governments must follow

48. Correlation and Causation

49. Correlation Correlation An apparent association between variables An apparent association between variables Causation Causation A correlation in which a change in one variable results in a change in others A correlation in which a change in one variable results in a change in others

50. Democracy

51. Democracy A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives

52. Democratic Deficit

53. A democratic deficit occurs when ostensibly democratic organizations or institutions in fact fall short of fulfilling what are believed to be the principles of democracy A democratic deficit occurs when ostensibly democratic organizations or institutions in fact fall short of fulfilling what are believed to be the principles of democracy

54. Democratization

55. Democratization The spread of representative governments to more countries and the process of making governments more representative The spread of representative governments to more countries and the process of making governments more representative

56. Developed Countries

57. Nation-states which have industrial and post-industrial economies Nation-states which have industrial and post-industrial economies

58. Developing Countries

59. Nation-states which are industrializing Nation-states which are industrializing

60. Development

61. Development A specified state of growth or advancement A specified state of growth or advancement

62. Devolution

63. Devolution A process in a unitary system of delegating some decision making to local public bodies A process in a unitary system of delegating some decision making to local public bodies

64. Economic Development Theories Westernization Model Westernization Model The copy Britain model… The copy Britain model… Any country that wants its economy to grow should study the paths taken by the indudustrial nations, and logically they too can reap the benefits of modernization, or “Westernization”. Any country that wants its economy to grow should study the paths taken by the indudustrial nations, and logically they too can reap the benefits of modernization, or “Westernization”. Dependency Theory Dependency Theory Holds that the economic development of many countries is blocked by that the fact that industrialized nations exploit them. Holds that the economic development of many countries is blocked by that the fact that industrialized nations exploit them. Outgrowth of Marxism. Outgrowth of Marxism. Governments have responded by experimenting with forms of socialism with the intent of nationalizing industry and narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor. Governments have responded by experimenting with forms of socialism with the intent of nationalizing industry and narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor.

65. Executive

66. Executive The executive office carries out the laws and policies of the state. The executive office carries out the laws and policies of the state.

67. Electoral System

68. A legal system for making democratic choices A legal system for making democratic choices

69. Elite Recruitment

70. The process by which people are encouraged or chosen to become members of an elite within a political system or state The process by which people are encouraged or chosen to become members of an elite within a political system or state

71. Extraction

72. Extraction Government efforts to gather valuable resources for public use (think taxes). Government efforts to gather valuable resources for public use (think taxes).

73. Faction

74. Faction A group organized on the grounds of self-perceived common interest within a political party, interest group, or government. A group organized on the grounds of self-perceived common interest within a political party, interest group, or government.

75. Failed State

76. A state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services or implement its policies. A state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services or implement its policies.

77. Functions

78. Functions The things governments actually do. The things governments actually do.

79. Structures

80. Structures the specialized agencies within a government used to carry out the disparate activities of the government the specialized agencies within a government used to carry out the disparate activities of the government in order to carry out public policies, government structures such as parliaments, bureaucracies, and administrative agencies perform functions, which in turn enable the government to formulate, implement, and enforce policies in order to carry out public policies, government structures such as parliaments, bureaucracies, and administrative agencies perform functions, which in turn enable the government to formulate, implement, and enforce policies there are many types of structures: parliaments, congresses, administrative agencies, political parties, interest groups, legislatures. there are many types of structures: parliaments, congresses, administrative agencies, political parties, interest groups, legislatures.

81. Federal System

82. A system of governance in which political authority is shared between the national government and regional or state governments A system of governance in which political authority is shared between the national government and regional or state governments

83. Confederal System

84. A system of government that spreads power among many sub- units (such as states), and has a weak central government A system of government that spreads power among many sub- units (such as states), and has a weak central government

85. First-past- the-post

86. First-past-the-post An electoral system in which winners are determined by which candidate receives the largest number of votes (regardless of whether or not a majority is received) An electoral system in which winners are determined by which candidate receives the largest number of votes (regardless of whether or not a majority is received)

87. Fragmentation

88. Fragmentation The process or state of breaking or being broken into small or separate parts The process or state of breaking or being broken into small or separate parts

89. Free Market Economy

90. A system in which government regulation of the economy is absent or limited A system in which government regulation of the economy is absent or limited

91. Fusion of Powers

92. A system of governance in which authority of government is concentrated in one body A system of governance in which authority of government is concentrated in one body In Britain, Parliament is the supreme legislative, executive, and judicial authority. In Britain, Parliament is the supreme legislative, executive, and judicial authority. Common pattern in parliamentary systems Common pattern in parliamentary systems

93. Separation of Power

94. An organization of political institutions within the state in which the executive, legislature, and judiciary have autonomous powers and no branch dominates the others An organization of political institutions within the state in which the executive, legislature, and judiciary have autonomous powers and no branch dominates the others Common pattern in presidential systems Common pattern in presidential systems

95. GDP

96. GDP Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product The total value of goods and services produced by an economy (very similar to gross national product or GNP) The total value of goods and services produced by an economy (very similar to gross national product or GNP)

97. GNP

98. GNP Gross National Product Gross National Product GNP is a measure of national economic development GNP is a measure of national economic development GNP is the total economic output of a country per person GNP is the total economic output of a country per person Used to compare the economic status of a country Used to compare the economic status of a country

99. Gini Index

100. This index measures the degree of inequality in the distribution of family income in a country This index measures the degree of inequality in the distribution of family income in a country Measures relative degree of economic inequality within a country Measures relative degree of economic inequality within a country The higher the number the more unequal a country’s income distribution The higher the number the more unequal a country’s income distribution

101. Glasnost

102. Glasnost Gorbachev’s policy of “openness” or “publicity”, which involved an easing of controls on the media, arts, and public discussion, leading to an outburst of public debate and criticism covering most aspects of Soviet history, culture, and policy Gorbachev’s policy of “openness” or “publicity”, which involved an easing of controls on the media, arts, and public discussion, leading to an outburst of public debate and criticism covering most aspects of Soviet history, culture, and policy

103. Globalization

104. Globalization The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of people, cultures, economies, and nation- states facilitated by technology, trade, and cultural diffusion The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of people, cultures, economies, and nation- states facilitated by technology, trade, and cultural diffusion

105. Government

106. Government The part of the state with legitimate public authority The part of the state with legitimate public authority The group of people and organizations that hold political authority in a state at any one time The group of people and organizations that hold political authority in a state at any one time

107. Head of Government

108. The office and the person occupying the office charged with leading the operation of a government The office and the person occupying the office charged with leading the operation of a government The head of government deals with the everyday tasks of running the state and usually directs the activities of other members of the executive branch. The head of government deals with the everyday tasks of running the state and usually directs the activities of other members of the executive branch.

109. Head of State

110. The head of state is a role that symbolizes the and represents the people, both nationally and internationally, and may or may not have any real policy making power. The head of state is a role that symbolizes the and represents the people, both nationally and internationally, and may or may not have any real policy making power. The chief public representative of a state. The chief public representative of a state.

111. Illiberal Democracy

112. A procedural democratic regime where the citizenry does not benefit from the full array of rights and freedoms that one would expect in a democracy A procedural democratic regime where the citizenry does not benefit from the full array of rights and freedoms that one would expect in a democracy Example: competitive elections but lack of civil liberty and rights Example: competitive elections but lack of civil liberty and rights

113. Industrialized Democracy

114. Interest Articulation

115. The methods by which citizens and groups can express their desires and make demands upon government (political participation, lobbying, protests, etc.) The methods by which citizens and groups can express their desires and make demands upon government (political participation, lobbying, protests, etc.)

116. Interest Aggregation

117. Ways in which demands of citizens and groups are combined into proposed policy packages (leadership, political parties, etc.) Ways in which demands of citizens and groups are combined into proposed policy packages (leadership, political parties, etc.)

118. Iron Triangle

119. Mutually beneficial relationships between private interests, bureaucrats, and legislators Mutually beneficial relationships between private interests, bureaucrats, and legislators Sometimes called an “integrated elite” Sometimes called an “integrated elite”

120. Judicial Review

121. The power of the courts to modify or nullify the actions of legislatures, executives, and lower courts The power of the courts to modify or nullify the actions of legislatures, executives, and lower courts

122. Linkage Institution

123. Groups within a society that connect government to its citizens, such as political parties, interest groups, and print and electronic media. Groups within a society that connect government to its citizens, such as political parties, interest groups, and print and electronic media. Their size and development depends partly on the size of the population, and partly on scope of government activity. Their size and development depends partly on the size of the population, and partly on scope of government activity. The large the population, and the more complex the government policymaking activities, the more likely the country is to have well developed linkage institutions. The large the population, and the more complex the government policymaking activities, the more likely the country is to have well developed linkage institutions.

124. Mass Line

125. Mechanism or party platform line to deliver propaganda to masses Mechanism or party platform line to deliver propaganda to masses In theory, this information flows “from the masses to the masses” In theory, this information flows “from the masses to the masses” Used in authoritarian regimes Used in authoritarian regimes

126. Modernization

127. Modernization The major cultural trend that has transformed the world is modernization. The major cultural trend that has transformed the world is modernization. World wide more people are moving to cities and are exposed to modern political cultures, which have an impact on citizens’ attitudes World wide more people are moving to cities and are exposed to modern political cultures, which have an impact on citizens’ attitudes

128. Minimum Winning Threshold

129. The minimum percentage of votes a party must receive in order to be seated in a legislature The minimum percentage of votes a party must receive in order to be seated in a legislature

130. Mixed Presidential Parliamentary System

131. A democracy that has some characteristics of a presidential system and some characteristics of a parliamentary system A democracy that has some characteristics of a presidential system and some characteristics of a parliamentary system Also referred to as “semi-presidential” Also referred to as “semi-presidential”

132. Nation

133. Nation A group of people who identify themselves as belonging together because of cultural, geographic, or linguistic ties A group of people who identify themselves as belonging together because of cultural, geographic, or linguistic ties

134. State

135. State An assembly of all those people and groups within a nation-state that have power to effect change at some level of society through direct action or political participation An assembly of all those people and groups within a nation-state that have power to effect change at some level of society through direct action or political participation

136. Nation-State

137. Nation-State A territorial unit controlled by a single state and governed by a single government A territorial unit controlled by a single state and governed by a single government

138. Neoliberalism

139. Neoliberalism A term used to describe government policies aiming to promote free competition among business firms within the market A term used to describe government policies aiming to promote free competition among business firms within the market

140. Newly Industrialized Countries

141. A term used to describe a group of countries that achieved rapid economic development beginning in the 1960s, largely stimulated by robust international trade (exports) and guided by government policies A term used to describe a group of countries that achieved rapid economic development beginning in the 1960s, largely stimulated by robust international trade (exports) and guided by government policies Core NICs: Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore Core NICs: Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore Also: Argentina, Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico, and Thailand Also: Argentina, Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico, and Thailand

142. Nomenklatura

143. Nomenklatura A system of personnel selection under which the Communist Party maintained control over the appointment of important officials in all spheres of social, economic, and political life A system of personnel selection under which the Communist Party maintained control over the appointment of important officials in all spheres of social, economic, and political life The term is also used to describe individuals chosen through this system and thus refers more broadly to the privileged circles in the Soviet Union and China The term is also used to describe individuals chosen through this system and thus refers more broadly to the privileged circles in the Soviet Union and China

144. Non Government Organization (NGO)

145. Private group that pursues self- defined goals outside of government Private group that pursues self- defined goals outside of government Common activities are publicizing issues, lobbying, making demands on government, providing direct services Common activities are publicizing issues, lobbying, making demands on government, providing direct services

146. Parastatal

147. Parastatal A government-owned corporation to compensate for the lack of economic development or to ensure complete and equitable service to the whole country (can be anything from a national airline or railroad to a postal system or manufacturing and marketing operations) A government-owned corporation to compensate for the lack of economic development or to ensure complete and equitable service to the whole country (can be anything from a national airline or railroad to a postal system or manufacturing and marketing operations)

148. Parliamentary System

149. A system of governance in which the head of government is chose by and serves at he pleasure of the legislature. A system of governance in which the head of government is chose by and serves at he pleasure of the legislature. The legislature rules over all! The legislature rules over all! Prime Minister is NOT directly elected by people, but by the legislature. Prime Minister is NOT directly elected by people, but by the legislature. Because the prime minister and the cabinet are also leaders of the majority party in the legislature, no separation of powers exists between executive and legislative branches—instead they are fused together. Because the prime minister and the cabinet are also leaders of the majority party in the legislature, no separation of powers exists between executive and legislative branches—instead they are fused together. Fusion of Power! Fusion of Power! Executive power is separated between Head of Government (PM) and the Head of Government (royalty, president) Executive power is separated between Head of Government (PM) and the Head of Government (royalty, president) Parliamentary system stands in contrast to a presidential system, in which the chief executive is elected in a national ballot and is independent of the legislative branch. Parliamentary system stands in contrast to a presidential system, in which the chief executive is elected in a national ballot and is independent of the legislative branch.

150. Parliamentary System Characteristics: Characteristics: High Party Discipline High Party Discipline Majority party almost always gets its policies implemented Majority party almost always gets its policies implemented Cabinet is VERY powerful—initiates legislation and makes policy Cabinet is VERY powerful—initiates legislation and makes policy

151. Presidential System

152. An electoral system in which the chief executive is elected in a national ballot and is independent of the legislative branch. An electoral system in which the chief executive is elected in a national ballot and is independent of the legislative branch. The roles of the head of state and head of government are given to one person—the president. The roles of the head of state and head of government are given to one person—the president. Executive is directly elected by the people. Executive is directly elected by the people. Three branches of government are therefore separate from one another and can check each other’s power. Three branches of government are therefore separate from one another and can check each other’s power.

153. Presidential System Characteristics: Characteristics: Separation of Power Separation of Power Power shared equally between legislature and executive Power shared equally between legislature and executive Lower party discipline Lower party discipline Since power is diffused, policymaking process is slowed because one branch may question decision made by other groups. Since power is diffused, policymaking process is slowed because one branch may question decision made by other groups.

154. Patron Client Networks

155. A usually informal alliance between a person holding power and less powerful or lower status people A usually informal alliance between a person holding power and less powerful or lower status people The powerful patron provides power, status, jobs, land, goods, and/or protection in exchange for loyalty and political support The powerful patron provides power, status, jobs, land, goods, and/or protection in exchange for loyalty and political support Corruption, preferential treatment, and inequality are characteristics of patron client networks Corruption, preferential treatment, and inequality are characteristics of patron client networks Clientelism, prebendalism, patrimonialsim Clientelism, prebendalism, patrimonialsim

156. Perestroika

157. Perestroika The economic policy of restructuring embarked on by Gorbachev in 1985 The economic policy of restructuring embarked on by Gorbachev in 1985 Initially, the policy emphasized decentralization of economic decision making, increased enterprise autonomy, expanded public discussion of policy issues, and a reduction in the international isolation of the Soviet economy Initially, the policy emphasized decentralization of economic decision making, increased enterprise autonomy, expanded public discussion of policy issues, and a reduction in the international isolation of the Soviet economy

158. Pluralism

159. Pluralism A political theory or system of power sharing among a number of political parties A political theory or system of power sharing among a number of political parties Compared to corporatism Compared to corporatism A system of governance in which the government is dominated by representatives of groups within society; may or may not be democratic to some degree A system of governance in which the government is dominated by representatives of groups within society; may or may not be democratic to some degree

160. Plurality

161. Plurality The number of votes cast for a candidate who receives more than any other candidate but does not receive an absolute majority The number of votes cast for a candidate who receives more than any other candidate but does not receive an absolute majority

162. Pluralist Interest Group Systems

163. Multiple groups may represent a single society interest. Multiple groups may represent a single society interest. Group membership is voluntary and limited. Group membership is voluntary and limited. Groups often have a loose or decentralized organizational structure. Groups often have a loose or decentralized organizational structure. There is a clear separation between interest groups and the government. There is a clear separation between interest groups and the government. United States is perfect example. United States is perfect example.

164. Political Legitimacy

165. The citizens belief that a government is a proper one and that it has the right to rule. The citizens belief that a government is a proper one and that it has the right to rule. In the contemporary world, a state is said to possess legitimacy when it enjoys consent of the governed, which usually involves democratic procedures and the attempt to evenly distribute resources In the contemporary world, a state is said to possess legitimacy when it enjoys consent of the governed, which usually involves democratic procedures and the attempt to evenly distribute resources

166. Political Participation

167. The actions by citizens which involve them in the process of selecting leaders and making policies The actions by citizens which involve them in the process of selecting leaders and making policies

168. Political Culture

169. The collection of history, values, beliefs, assumptions, attitudes, traditions, and symbols that define and influence political behavior within a nation-state The collection of history, values, beliefs, assumptions, attitudes, traditions, and symbols that define and influence political behavior within a nation-state

170. Political Efficacy

171. Political efficacy is a citizen’s belief that he or she can understand and influence government or political affairs. Political efficacy is a citizen’s belief that he or she can understand and influence government or political affairs. It indicates a citizens' faith and trust in government and their own belief that they can understand and influence political affairs. It indicates a citizens' faith and trust in government and their own belief that they can understand and influence political affairs. Political efficacy may also be understood as a self- organized group’s beliefs that its members can understand and influence governmental affairs or political issues. Political efficacy may also be understood as a self- organized group’s beliefs that its members can understand and influence governmental affairs or political issues. The ability to produce a desired or intended result The ability to produce a desired or intended result

172. Political Recruitment

173. Refers to the selection of people for political activity and government offices. Refers to the selection of people for political activity and government offices. In a democracy, competitive elections play a major role in political recruitment. In a democracy, competitive elections play a major role in political recruitment. In authoritarian systems, recruitment may be dominated by a single party, as in China, or unelected religious leaders, as in Iran. In authoritarian systems, recruitment may be dominated by a single party, as in China, or unelected religious leaders, as in Iran.

174. Political Parties

175. Are groups or organizations that seek to place candidates in office under their label. Are groups or organizations that seek to place candidates in office under their label.

176. Political Socialization

177. Involves schools, families, communications, media, religious organizations, and all the various political structures that develop, reinforce, and transform the political culture, the attitudes of political significance in the society. Involves schools, families, communications, media, religious organizations, and all the various political structures that develop, reinforce, and transform the political culture, the attitudes of political significance in the society.

178. Politburo

179. Politburo The principal policymaking committee of the Communist Party The principal policymaking committee of the Communist Party

180. Post Materialist Values

181. Beliefs in the importance of policy goals beyond one’s immediate self- interest, as well as one’s prosperity and security Beliefs in the importance of policy goals beyond one’s immediate self- interest, as well as one’s prosperity and security Examples: Environmentalism and cultural diversity Examples: Environmentalism and cultural diversity

182. Power

183. Power The ability to direct the behavior of others through coercion, persuasion, or leadership The ability to direct the behavior of others through coercion, persuasion, or leadership Contrasted/compared to “authority” Contrasted/compared to “authority”

184. Prebendalism

185. Prebendalism The form of patron-client politics that legitimizes the exploitation of government power for the benefit of the office holders and their followers. The form of patron-client politics that legitimizes the exploitation of government power for the benefit of the office holders and their followers.

186. Oligarchy

187. Oligarchy a system of governance dominated by a small powerful and wealthy group in a state a system of governance dominated by a small powerful and wealthy group in a state

188. Regime

189. Regime A political system with a specific pattern of relationship between the state, society, markets, and the world at large. A political system with a specific pattern of relationship between the state, society, markets, and the world at large. A pattern of organization for a government (often described in a constitution or supreme law) A pattern of organization for a government (often described in a constitution or supreme law)

190. Referendum

191. Referendum A general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision A general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision

192. Socialist Market Economy

193. The term used by the government of China to refer to the country’s current economic system The term used by the government of China to refer to the country’s current economic system Meant to convey a mix of state control (socialism) and market forces (capitalism) that China is now following Meant to convey a mix of state control (socialism) and market forces (capitalism) that China is now following

194. Privatization

195. Privatization The sale of state-owned enterprises to private companies or investors The sale of state-owned enterprises to private companies or investors The process of putting ownership of productive resources into the hands of non-governmental organizations and people The process of putting ownership of productive resources into the hands of non-governmental organizations and people Common component of structural adjustment programs (SAP) Common component of structural adjustment programs (SAP)

196. Proportional Representation (PR)

197. An electoral system in which voters select parties rather than individual candidates and parties are represented in legislatures in proportion to the shares of votes they win An electoral system in which voters select parties rather than individual candidates and parties are represented in legislatures in proportion to the shares of votes they win Leads to multiparty legislatures Leads to multiparty legislatures

198. Rentier State

199. A country that obtains much of its revenue from the export of oil or other natural resources A country that obtains much of its revenue from the export of oil or other natural resources

200. Rent-seeking The practice of political leaders who, for the purposes of remaining in a position of power, “rent” public access (resources or tax support services) to patrons who profit from those public assets The practice of political leaders who, for the purposes of remaining in a position of power, “rent” public access (resources or tax support services) to patrons who profit from those public assets

201. Revolution

202. Revolution A process by which a political regime is overthrown and replaced because of a broad popular support and participation in the process A process by which a political regime is overthrown and replaced because of a broad popular support and participation in the process

203. Rule of Law

204. A governance system operating predictably under a known and transparent set of procedural rules (laws) A governance system operating predictably under a known and transparent set of procedural rules (laws) Also know as, constitutionalism Also know as, constitutionalism

205. Single Member Districts

206. An electoral system in which voters chose and individual running for office in each legislative district (also called “first past the post if the winner is chosen by plurality) An electoral system in which voters chose and individual running for office in each legislative district (also called “first past the post if the winner is chosen by plurality) An electoral system in which candidates run for a single seat from a specific geographic district. An electoral system in which candidates run for a single seat from a specific geographic district. The winner is the person who receives the most votes, whether or not that is a majority The winner is the person who receives the most votes, whether or not that is a majority Increase the likelihood of a two-party state Increase the likelihood of a two-party state

207. Structural Adjustment/Import Substitution

208. World Bank programs which offer financial and management aid to poor countries while demanding privatization, trade liberalization, and governmental fiscal restraint World Bank programs which offer financial and management aid to poor countries while demanding privatization, trade liberalization, and governmental fiscal restraint SAPs often involve the necessity for privatization, trade liberalization, and fiscal restraint. SAPs often involve the necessity for privatization, trade liberalization, and fiscal restraint.

209. Marxism

210. Marxism A theory of historical development that emphasizes the struggle between exploiting and exploited classes, particularly the struggle between the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (industrial working class) A theory of historical development that emphasizes the struggle between exploiting and exploited classes, particularly the struggle between the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (industrial working class) The theoretical foundation of communism based on the ideas of German philosopher Karl Marx The theoretical foundation of communism based on the ideas of German philosopher Karl Marx

211. Shock Therapy

212. A variant of market reform that involves the state simultaneously imposing a wide range of radical economic changes, with the purpose of “shocking” the economy into a new mode of operation A variant of market reform that involves the state simultaneously imposing a wide range of radical economic changes, with the purpose of “shocking” the economy into a new mode of operation Shock therapy can be contrasted with amore gradual approach to market reform. Shock therapy can be contrasted with amore gradual approach to market reform.

213. Sovereignty

214. Sovereignty Independent legal authority over a population in a particular place; Independent legal authority over a population in a particular place; the degree in which a state controls its own territory and independently make and carry out policy the degree in which a state controls its own territory and independently make and carry out policy

215. Strong State

216. A state with extensive capacity to carry out policies adopted or a state in which there are few limitations on the actions of one or more parts of the state A state with extensive capacity to carry out policies adopted or a state in which there are few limitations on the actions of one or more parts of the state

217. Supranational

218. Supranational Organizations or events in which nations are not totally sovereign actors (the European Union or global warming) Organizations or events in which nations are not totally sovereign actors (the European Union or global warming)

219. Theocracy

220. Theocracy A state dominated by the clergy, who rule on the grounds that they are the only interpreters of God’s will and law. A state dominated by the clergy, who rule on the grounds that they are the only interpreters of God’s will and law.

221. Totalitarian

222. Totalitarian A political system in which the state attempts to exercise total control over all aspects of public and private life, including, the economy, culture, education, and social organizations, through an integrated system of ideological, economic and political control. A political system in which the state attempts to exercise total control over all aspects of public and private life, including, the economy, culture, education, and social organizations, through an integrated system of ideological, economic and political control. Usually rely on terror as a means to exercise power Usually rely on terror as a means to exercise power

223. Two Party System

224. As system of governance where two parties have emerged as the only viable political forces As system of governance where two parties have emerged as the only viable political forces Common in first past the post or single member district pluralities Common in first past the post or single member district pluralities

225. Two Ballot System

226. An electoral system where two rounds of voting may take places to ensure a majority winner. An electoral system where two rounds of voting may take places to ensure a majority winner. Several candidates my be on first ballot, if no majority is chose, second ballot is run-off of top two vote getters. Several candidates my be on first ballot, if no majority is chose, second ballot is run-off of top two vote getters.

227. Unitary System

228. Concentration of political power in a central government as opposed to federalism Concentration of political power in a central government as opposed to federalism

229. Vote of Confidence

230. A vote in parliament expressing support for a government A vote in parliament expressing support for a government A government losing a vote of confidence is a often expected to resign A government losing a vote of confidence is a often expected to resign

231. Welfare State

232. A state which provides a wide array of social services to its members A state which provides a wide array of social services to its members

233. Weak State

234. A state with little capacity for carrying out policies adopted or a state in which the powers of the state are limited. A state with little capacity for carrying out policies adopted or a state in which the powers of the state are limited.

235. Military Rule

236. Military control of the government by armed forces Military control of the government by armed forces

237. First World Countries

238. “Industrialized Democracies” “Industrialized Democracies” “Durable Democratic Regimes” “Durable Democratic Regimes” “Early Developers” “Early Developers” When authors or text writers use these terms they are usually talking about rich, Western countries with relatively long histories of political development. When authors or text writers use these terms they are usually talking about rich, Western countries with relatively long histories of political development. These countries have some form of representative democracy. These countries have some form of representative democracy.

239. Second World Countries

240. “Communist and Former Communist Regimes” “Communist and Former Communist Regimes” “Middle Developers” “Middle Developers” Most of the countries in this catagory share authoritarian/totalitarian political histories. Most of the countries in this catagory share authoritarian/totalitarian political histories. These countries also shared command economies These countries also shared command economies

241. Third World Countries

242. “Less Developed Countries or Developing Nations” “Less Developed Countries or Developing Nations” “Newly Industrializing Countries” “Newly Industrializing Countries” “Late Developers” “Late Developers” Text writers and textbook authors usually are talking about countries that were once colonies of Western Industrialized countries. Text writers and textbook authors usually are talking about countries that were once colonies of Western Industrialized countries. Origin of term is rooted in Cold War where there was the capitalist/democratic world (“First World”) and the communist world (“Second World”) Origin of term is rooted in Cold War where there was the capitalist/democratic world (“First World”) and the communist world (“Second World”) The “Third World” were a group of countries that didn’t want to participate in this rather childish, but critically important, game of polarization. The “Third World” were a group of countries that didn’t want to participate in this rather childish, but critically important, game of polarization.

243. Multinational Corporation (MNC)

244. is a corporation or an enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation is a corporation or an enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation

245. Multiparty System

246. is a system in which multiple political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition is a system in which multiple political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition

247. Two Party System

248. is a system where two major political parties dominate voting in nearly all elections at every level of government. As a result, all, or nearly all, elected offices are members of one of the two major parties. is a system where two major political parties dominate voting in nearly all elections at every level of government. As a result, all, or nearly all, elected offices are members of one of the two major parties.

249. One Party System

250. is a type of party system government in which a single political party forms the government and no other parties are permitted to run candidates for election. is a type of party system government in which a single political party forms the government and no other parties are permitted to run candidates for election.

251. Transparency

252. Transparency is the opposite of privacy; an activity is transparent if all information about it is open and freely available is the opposite of privacy; an activity is transparent if all information about it is open and freely available

253. One Party Dominant System

254. "a category of parties/political organizations that have successively won election victories and whose future defeat cannot be envisaged or is unlikely for the foreseeable future." [ "a category of parties/political organizations that have successively won election victories and whose future defeat cannot be envisaged or is unlikely for the foreseeable future." [ [