2. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR The first serious conflict between the practices of capitalism and communism occurred in 1917 after the Russian Revolution. At this point, the Soviet Union had become the world’s first major communist power. With the Russians now supporting communism, their relations with the United States became more difficult. Other events that put a strain on the relationship were when America supported the White Army, which opposed the communists during the Soviet Civil War, the communists contesting the values of capitalism, democracy and religion and ultimately, the Russians withdrawing from World War I thanks to the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk. The Bolshevik soldiers march to Red Square in the Soviet Union

3. COUNTRIES INVOLVED IN THE COLD WAR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and its allies THE SOVIET UNION and its allies

4. THE YALTA CONFERENCE Also known as the Crimea or Argonaut Conference, it was a meeting that was held February 4– 11, 1945. It was between the leaders of the United Kingdom (Winston Churchill), United States (Franklin Roosevelt), and the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin). Many different ideas were discussed and finalized during this meeting. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (left), United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt (center), and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin at the Yalta Conference

5. THE YALTA CONFERENCE An agreement between the three countries that would make Nazi Germany unconditionally surrender. In addition, the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and France would occupy Berlin before East and West Germany were re- unified with one another. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (left), United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt (center), and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin at the Yalta Conference

6. THE YALTA CONFERENCE  A strict period of demilitarization would occur in Germany, in addition to the Nazi regime being removed from power.  Reparations for Germany could not come in the form of forced labor.  An allied reparation council would be created, taking place in Moscow, Russia.  The communist Polish government would be reorganized. The Polish Provisional Government of National Unity would be established and would have democratic elections. This did not include the Polish government that was in exile since 1939.  The eastern border of Poland would follow the Curzon Line, as well as getting territorial compensation from Germany in the West. However, the exact location of where the Western border would be located would be discussed in a future peace treaty between the two countries.

7. THE YALTA CONFERENCE  Soviet and Yugoslavian citizens would be returned to their own countries, no matter if they had consent or not.  Stalin promised Roosevelt that he would participate in the United Nations. This agreement came after it was decided that the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council would have veto power. At the same time, Churchill was trying to get France on the Security Council.  Stalin also wanted all 16 Soviet states to be granted entry into the United Nations. The only two that were granted this request were Ukrainian SSR and Byelarussian SSR.  Stalin also agreed that he would join the Allies in their fight against the Japanese Empire within ninety days of the Allies’ defeat of Germany. The Soviet Union would also get the Kurile Islands and the southern part of Sakhalin after the Japanese were defeated.  The Committee of Dismemberment of Germany was also going to be established. The main part of the meeting was to see how Germany would be divided into several different nations and what borders these nations would have.

8. PARTION PLANS FOR GERMANY The eventual Partition Plan for Germany Churchill’s Partition Plan Roosevelt’s Partition Plan Henry Morgenthau’s Partition Plan * Henry Morgenthau was the United States Secretary of the Treasury

9. HIROSHIMA ATOMIC BOMB The United States, thanks to the completion of the Manhattan Project, had constructed the first atomic bomb. In an effort to end the war in the Pacific, the United States dropped its first atomic bomb, nicknamed “Little Boy” on Hiroshima, Japan. The bomb was dropped by the B-29 bomber Enola Gay piloted by Paul Tibbets. The bomb initially killed approximately 80,000 people. After the costs of injury and radiation were incurred, the total number of casualties ranged between 90,000 and 140,000. Almost three quarters of the city’s buildings were damaged in the attack. The atomic bomb is dropped over Hiroshima, Japan

10. CICERO © 2012 10 JAPAN SURRENDERS The United States dropped a second atomic bomb on the Japanese, this time on the city of Nagasaki. It was dropped out of the B-29 Superfortress Bockscar. Nicknamed “Fat Man,” the bomb killed 40,000 to 75,000 instantly, with the total deaths reaching approximately 80,000 by the end of 1945. The United States had been planning for a third and possibly more atomic attacks in Japan. After these attacks, Japanese Emperor Hirohito met with many people in his administration. They decided that if the Japanese were to continue to fight, it would result in their obliteration by another atomic bomb. They decided the only way to save their people was to surrender. Japanese representatives meet aboard the USS Missouri in September 1945 for the official surrender ceremonies

11. THE IRON CURTAIN The term “Iron Curtain” was used to describe the influence of communism that was slowly falling over Europe. German politician and Nazi Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels was the first to discuss an Iron Curtain that was coming down on the countries of Europe. Winston Churchill popularized the term on March 5, 1946, when he gave his Sinews of Peace speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. In the speech he stated, “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow.” Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Churchill was not prime minister at the time of the speech. FDR was in the audience.

12. THE MARSHALL PLAN The Marshall Plan was a plan that was devised by United States Secretary of State George Marshall. The plan called for a comprehensive program of economic assistance for the war-ravaged countries of Western-Europe. The Marshall Plan also offered the same amount of aid to Japan, but only if it made specific reforms to its government and allowed parts of its country be controlled from the outside. The United States also offered to aid the Soviet Union. However, the Soviets later rejected this plan, saying it was too similar to dollar imperialism. This term meant that the United States was trying to create its own “economic empire” in Europe after World War II had concluded. The Soviets were also not willing to undergo a comprehensive American audit of the proposed aid funds. They did not want the Americans to see the issues with their communist economy. The map shows the countries in Europe that received aid from the Marshall Plan. The red bars show how much aid was received.

13. THE RED SCARE Beginning in 1947, the “Red Scare” in the United States had reached its peak. Americans had an increased fear of communists infiltrating the United States government. Due to the Great Depression, the government feared that Americans could eventually embrace the ideology. This was apparent when in 1939, there were approximately 50,000 Americans who were a part of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA). Claims of the infiltration of the government gained credibility when former CPUSA members Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker Chambers said that Soviet spies and communists had breached the American government. Logo of the Communist Party of the United States

14. THE SOVIET’S FIRST ATOMIC BOMB The Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb on August 29, 1949. The test, which was known to Americans as the Joe 1, was a success. The bomb was tested at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan. This made the Soviet Union the second nuclear power in the world. The design of the bomb was very similar to that of the “Fat Man” bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. The thing that shocked Americans was that the development of the atomic weapon came years ahead of when they thought the Soviets were going to construct the bomb. The first Soviet atomic bomb, Joe 1, explodes in Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, on August 29, 1949.

15. MCCARTHYISM During the height of the Red Scare of the 1950s, Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin made a speech in which he claimed he had a list of two hundred five known communists that were working in the United States’ State Department. He also claimed that Secretary of State Dean Acheson was aware of these claims and did nothing about it. McCarthy would go on to conduct hearings in Congress in which he would accuse people of being communist sympathizers who were trying to infiltrate the United States government. McCarthy’s purported “communist witch hunt” made him politically popular but ruined the lives of many men and women that he accused, based on dubious evidence. McCarthy later tried to accuse members of the army of being communists. This led to a trial and his condemnation in the Senate. Senator Joseph McCarthy

16. THE KOREAN WAR The Korean War began on June 25, 1950. It was the culmination of many border clashes between North Korea and South Korea. The communist North Korea was attempted to exert its influence in South Korea during South Korea’s free elections in May 1950. When communist leaders were not elected, the North Koreans were angry, demanding that the South Koreans have another election. When the South Koreans refused, the army of North Korea launched an attack on South Korea. Over time, both the United States, the People’s Republic of China, and the Soviet Union became involved in this conflict, as it become part of the Cold War. American trucks cross the 38 th Parallel in Korea

17. THE ROSENBERG TRIAL The trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were charged with giving information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union, began on March 6, 1951. For both the Rosenbergs, there was a sufficient amount of evidence for the jury to find them guilty of conspiracy and espionage. The Rosenbergs were convicted on March 29, 1951 and later sentenced to death by the electric chair. Their convictions had helped Senator McCarthy’s claims of communists infiltrating the United States government. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were the only two American citizens killed for spying during the Cold War. Ethel (left) and Julius Rosenberg after their conviction

18. DEATH OF JOSEPH STALIN On March 5, 1953, Joseph Stalin died of a cerebral hemorrhage. There was no potential successor to fill in for Stalin. The highest officials in the Communist Party stated that they would jointly rule the Soviet Union, although a power struggle eventually took place. Nikita Khrushchev won the struggle and assumed control of the Soviet Union by the mid 1950s. Joseph Stalin’s body lies in state at the House of Trades in Moscow, Russia Nikita Khrushchev

19. END OF THE KOREAN WAR When Eisenhower was campaigning for president of the United States, he had promised to go to Korea to negotiate an end to the conflict. India had proposed a ceasefire to the United Nations for North and South Korea. Eisenhower took part in the talks and secretly threatened to use atom bombs against North Korea if a truce could not be reached. It agreed to a truce. It was put into action on July 27, 1953. A demilitarized zone was established behind the front lines. Peace talks occurred in Kaesong, the old capital of Korea. While both North Korea and the United States signed the truce agreement, South Korea refused to sign the document. Graphic shows how territory changed hands in the early part of the Korean War

20. SPUTNIK The first Sputnik, which was a satellite launched by the Soviets, was sent into orbit on October 4, 1957. The impact of the successful launch of the satellite was felt in the United States. The United States had failed in two launch attempts for Project Vanguard, which had intended to launch the first artificial satellite into the orbit of earth. Not to be outdone, the United States launched many satellites into orbit in rapid-fire succession. America did not want the Soviets to have better technology. Some of the satellites that the United States launched were Project SCORE, Explorer 1, and the Courier 1B. Increased government spending also went toward scientific research. A model of the first Sputnik satellite

21. CUBAN REVOLUTION The Cuban Revolution was the revolt that resulted in the rise of Fidel Castro to power in the now Marxist Cuba. General Fulgencio Batista, who was supported by the United States, was overthrown on January 1, 1959 by a group known as the 26 th of July Movement. Castro had been exiled to Mexico after being let out of a fifteen-year sentence early for attacking Batista’s government. While in Mexico, Castro gathered more Cuban exiles to start planning for a revolution against Batista. The fighting raged for approximately three years, with the exiles slowly closing in on Batista. Batista fled to the Dominican Republic. This enabled Castro to take control of the island, with Manuel Urrutia Lleo being the first president under him. Soon, Cuba’s new communist leaders became allied with the Soviet Union. Fidel Castro in 1959

22. BAY OF PIGS INVASION The Bay of Pigs Invasion occurred between April 15–19, 1961. It was an unsuccessful attempted invasion in southwest Cuba by Cuban exiles, headed by the CIA. They were attempting to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro. The invasion occurred shortly after John F. Kennedy became president. When the invasion failed, it proved to be a severe blemish for the Kennedy administration. In addition, it made Cuba’s Fidel Castro become very concerned about the tenuous relationship between the United States and Cuba. Three major Central Intelligence Agency officials were forced to resign as well, with the most notable being CIA Director Allen Dulles. The poster warns of the pending invasion of the Bay of Pigs

23. APOLLO PROGRAM At his inauguration, John F. Kennedy announced his intentions for the United States to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade. This would become the start of the Apollo Program. America did not want to be left behind in the space race, as they saw Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin become the first man to fly in space on April 12, 1961. The next day, Congressmen were talking about catching up with the Russians. Kennedy was determined to have the United States put a man on the moon before the Russians. Kennedy’s challenge for an American to go to the moon was answered on July 20, 1969, when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon. President Kennedy announcing his intentions to go the moon on May 25, 1961

24. THE BERLIN WALL Construction of the Berlin Wall began on August 13, 1961. Its purpose was to divide East Berlin and West Berlin. The wall was being built by the Soviets in order to stop the flood of people who had been attempting to make their way out of East Germany. During the construction of the wall, some of the streets that were alongside the barrier were torn up so that cars and other vehicles would not be able to make their way through to the other side. Soldiers were stationed at the wall, with orders to shoot anyone who tried to escape from either side. In addition to this, minefields and chain fences were set up to further prevent people from escaping. Construction of the Berlin Wall begins

25. U.S. ROOTS IN VIETNAM When the French withdrew from Vietnam, the United States organized a conference to prevent Ho Chi Minh and the communists from controlling all of Vietnam. Vietnam was divided into two sections, North and South. Like Korea, the North was governed by Ho Chi Minh and his party. The South would be independent and have its own elections in 1956. A temporary government, backed by the United States, was set up in Saigon. The United States provided financial and military support to the South. South Vietnamese who supported Ho Chi Minh made up a resistance group known as the National Liberation Front. Its military arm was known as the Viet Cong. The 1956 election never occurred. The United States became more involved in the conflict by 1962. The Republic of Vietnam, located in South Vietnam, was aided by the United States in its war against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, in the North, and Viet Cong forces operating in South Vietnam. The map depicts the military regions of South Vietnam

26. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS The Soviets had been secretly installing military bases on the island of Cuba, which was only 90 miles off the coast of the United States. In 1962, photographs from a U-2 spy plane revealed these bases appeared to have nuclear weapons. President John F. Kennedy ordered a “quarantine” of the island, which sparked a thirteen-day conflict that brought the United States and the Soviet Union close to nuclear war. In the end, the Soviets backed down and agreed to withdraw their nuclear missiles from Cuba, in exchange for a secret agreement by Kennedy guaranteeing that the United States would not move against the Castro regime and would remove their nuclear weapons from Turkey. President Kennedy talks with his Cabinet in a meeting during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

27. KENNEDY ASSASSINATION On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Kennedy had been struck by gunshots while riding in his presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas. The official explanation was that he was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald, who fired shots from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository. This conclusion was made after a ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission, which looked into the death of President Kennedy. After Kennedy was declared dead at 1 p.m. at Parkland Hospital, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as President while on Air Force One. Speculation persists that there may have been a larger conspiracy behind the shooting rather than Oswald working as the lone gunman. A photograph taken just seconds after the fatal shot to President Kennedy

28. APOLLO 11 The Apollo 11 mission was the first manned space mission to land on the Moon. In addition, it was the fifth manned flight in the history of the Apollo program. The mission was launched on July 16, 1969. The astronauts were Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin. Four days later, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first men to land and walk on the moon. As stated before, this fulfilled the late President Kennedy’s goal of reaching the moon by the end of the 1960s. Upon landing on the moon, Neil Armstrong stated “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” Buzz Aldrin walks on the moon. Neil Armstrong took this photo.

29. IRANIAN REVOLUTION The Iranian Revolution started on January 16, 1979. It was the transformation of Iran from a monarchy to an Islamic Republic. The pro-Western Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, was ousted from power. In his place, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became the leader of the Islamic Republic. The interesting part of the revolution was that it did not contain many of the aspects of a traditional revolution, such as a military rebellion or a war. Many thought that the regime of Pahlavi would never be overthrown. The revolution was prophetic in that the Iranian leaders opposed both the United States and the Soviet Union, and set up a government based on the laws of Islam. Ayatollah Khomeini departs a plane

30. IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS The Iranian Hostage Crisis was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States. During this incident, fifty-three United States diplomats were taken hostage by members of the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam’s Line. The reason that the Americans were being held hostage was that they perceived Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the former Shah of Iran, to be a war criminal and demanded that the United States return him to Iran for trial. Pahlavi was in the United States to receive medical treatment. The American diplomats were held hostage by the Iranians, who would not release them until their demands were met. Iran and the United States eventually worked out a deal, releasing the hostages four hundred forty-four days after they were captured. An American hostage being escorted by the Iranian captors

31. THE MIRACLE ON ICE The “Miracle on Ice” was the nickname that was given to the victory of the United States Olympic Hockey team over the Soviet Union in the final group stage game of the 1980 Winter Olympics. The event occurred on February 22, 1980. The American team was comprised of athletes for amateur and college level teams, and was coached by Herb Brooks. The United States was able to defeat the Soviets 4-3. After this, the United States defeated Finland 4-2 in the championship game for the gold medal. The Soviet Union ended up winning the silver medal. United States captain Mike Eruzione celebrates after scoring a key goal against the Soviets.

32. FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL Soviet reforms and its eventual state of bankruptcy allowed the eastern part of Europe to rise up against the communist governments. On November 9, 1989, the border that had been dividing East and West Germany was finally opened. This occurred after weeks of civil unrest within the country. Upon hearing this decree, a swarm of East Germans rushed the wall, with the guards at the wall caught off guard by the massive amounts of people who were coming. The East Germans were able to climb onto the wall and cross it, meeting up with friends and family that had been in West Germany. Over the new few weeks, parts of the wall were taken by those wanting a piece of history. It was later torn down with traditional construction equipment. A crane removes part of the Berlin Wall toward the end of 1989

33. LEGACY OF THE COLD WAR In the end, the Cold War cost the United States up to $8 trillion in military costs. In addition, more than 100,000 Americans died in Vietnam and Korea as a result of the United States’ involvement in these conflicts. The Soviets spent even more of their resources to maintain their superpower status. In the end, the cost of the incessant arms race drove the Soviet Union into bankruptcy and then out of existence. The end of the Cold War left the United States a major player in the post-Cold War global economic and political systems. By 1989, America was accountable for alliances with fifty different countries, with United States soldiers stationed in one hundred seventeen countries.