1. 400x 1000x 400x Problem of the day: Are these prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

2. Introducing….. Mr. Anderson!!!! Bozeman AP Biology Podcasts AP Biology Exam Put this link somewhere you can access it readily. These are great reviews for important topics.

3. Big Ideas of AP Biology Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Big Idea 2: Biological Systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.

4. In summary…. Evolution Free energy Information Systems All of our lessons will be centered around one or more of these four big ideas.

5. Inquiry as a way to learn science: AP Biology Labs are higher level inquiry based labs, which means you will be asking a question and finding the answer with your lab…like a science fair project.

6. What is a scientific hypothesis? Must be able to be tested by experimentation…must be falsifiable Galileo tested Aristotle’s hypothesis that heavy objects fall faster than lighter objects and found it to be wrong!!! The acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/s for all objects. Air does cause resistance with lighter objects sometimes. Einstein said: “No number of experiments can prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong.”

7. What is a theory? Built on one or more hypothesis Based on many observations and evidences Self consistent and consistent with other theories Widely accepted Examples: Theory of Gravity Motion of the Planets Germ Theory Cell Theory Plate Tectonic Theory Valence Theory

8. Chemistry You do not need to have taken chemistry to take this class. The basic chemistry that we use is really a review from middle school – which is hard to remember. You can (re-)learn any chemistry you need by reading your book.

9. Essential Knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules. Matter cycles within an ecosystem, energy flows in and out of an ecosystem. The most prevalent elements in the human body are CHON. These elements make up 96% of body mass. CHONPS with Mr. Anderson

11. How can you explain why the atomic weight of carbon is 12? What is an isotope?

12. Structure of Atoms

13. Bonds determine formation and function of biological molecules Bonds within molecules: Bonds between molecules

14. Structure determines function of molecules Structural Isomers have the same formula, but the atoms are bonded in different ways. This affects the function of the molecule.

15. Structure determines shape: A mutation in the sickle cell gene (DNA) causes the amino acid valine to be substituted for glutamic acid in the final protein product. This changes the shape and function of the hemoglobin molecule.

16. Conditions that affect chemical reactions: 1. pH 2. Concentration 3. Catalysts 4. Energy

17. Bozeman Biology: Introduction to Biology You Must Know: How polar covalent bonds result in hydrogen bonding The importance of hydrogen bonding to the properties of water 4 unique properties of water, and how each contributes to life on Earth How to interpret the pH scale How changes in pH can alter biological systems The importance of buffers in biological systems

18. Life probably first evolved in the water Cells are 70-95% water ¾ of the earth is covered by water Water exists in all 3 states on the earth-at normally occurring temperatures Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment

19. Water is a polar molecule The polarity of water molecules –Allows them to form hydrogen bonds with each other –Contributes to the various properties water exhibits Hydrogen bonds + + H H + +  – –  – –  – –  – – Figure 3.2

20. Cohesion and Adhesion

21. Transpiration in Plants

22. Specific Heat Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise or lower the temperature of a substance by 1°C Water has a high specific heat compared to most substances- the temperature of water changes less than other substances when heat is absorbed or lost This keeps the temperature of large bodies of water relatively stable and able to support life.

23. Ice Floats This keeps large bodies of water from freezing solid and moderates temperatures. It also protects the life beneath the solid surface

24. Hydrophilic: water soluble substances; ionic compounds, polar molecules and some proteins Hydrophobic: do not dissolve in water; nonpolar; fats

25. Acid/Base & pH Dissociation of water into a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide ion Acid: pH less than 7; increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution Base: pH greater than 7; reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution pH: “power of hydrogen” Buffers: substances that minimize H+ and OH- concentrations (accepts or donates H+ ions) Know your pH calculations

26. pH calculations [H + ] [OH - ] = 10 -14 M 2 (ion product constant) pH = -log [H + ] Examples –The pH of a solution that has [H + ] -8 is 8 –The pH of a solution that has [OH - ] -11 is 3 -11 + x = -14; x = -3, therefore pH is 3 –Most biological systems are in a pH range of 6 to 8

27. Buffers Buffers minimize changes in pH of biological fluids by accepting hydrogen ions when they are in excess and by donating hydrogen ions when they have been depleted. Most buffer solutions contain a weak acid and its corresponding base, which combine reversibly with hydrogen ions. Ex.: carbonic acid and bicarbonate