1. 16 Years and What Do We Get? Immigration and Integration in Canada (1995-2011) John Biles ** Special Advisor Integration Branch Citizenship and Immigration Canada April 28-30, 2011 London, Ontario Taking Stock of a Turbulent Decade and Looking Ahead: Immigration to North America 2000-2010 * Thanks to Ernie Ford for the song title ** The opinions expressed in this presentation are those of the author and not necessarily those of Integration Branch, Citizenship and Immigration Canada or the Government of Canada

2. Outline Part 1:Context Part 2: Policy – Selection – Integration – Refugees – Admissibility – Citizenship/Multiculturalism – Research / Metropolis – International/Intergovernmental/Stakeholder Relations – Evaluation and Audit Part 3: Conclusions Bibliography 2 2

3. Context Legislation Demographics Public Discourse Public Opinion Research Themes Department (size, orientation, leadership) Engagement of Other Governments 3 3

4. Context: Legislation Immigration Act, 1976 Amended many, many times Legislative Review Advisory Group appointed 1996 Not Just Numbers report published 1998 White paper Building on a Strong Foundation for the 21 st Century: New Directions for Immigration and Refugee Policy and Legislation published 1999. Standing Committee Report Refugee Protection and Border Security: Striking a Balance published in 2000. Bill C-31 introduced in 2000, re-introduced as C-11 in 2001. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, 2002 4 4

5. Context: Legislation (cont.) Main Areas of Reform Creating a simpler, more coherent legislative framework, with objectives that reflect Canadian values and are responsive to current realities; Maintaining the safety of Canadian society and respect for Canadian norms of social responsibility; Introducing transparent criteria for permanent resident status and enhancing the rights of permanent residents; Strengthening refugee protection through a faster, fairer process; Streamlining the immigration appeal system; Modernizing the selection system for skilled workers and business immigrants and facilitating the entry of skilled temporary foreign workers; and Strengthening family reunification Source: CIC 2001 5 5

6. Context: Legislation (cont.) Citizenship Act (1977) Amendments 2009 “Lost Canadians” Amendments 2010 “Adoption” Bill C-37 Strengthening the Value of Canadian Citizenship – Regulates Citizenship Consultants – Increases Penalties for Citizenship Fraud – Strengthens Rules For Residence Requirement – Expands Ban on Criminals Becoming Citizens – Crown Exception to First Generation Limit – Streamlining the Revocation Process 6 6

7. Context: Demographics Intake of Permanent Residents by Immigration Category -- 1985 to 2009 Source: Facts and Figures 2009 7 7

8. Context: Demographics (cont). LevelsTop 10 Source Countries Sources: Citizenship and Immigration Statistics 1995; Facts and Figures 2009 8 8

9. Context: Demographics (cont). Permanent Residents: Intended Province of Destination Permanent Residents Intended City of Destination Sources: Citizenship and Immigration Statistics 1995; Facts and Figures 2009 Sources: Citizenship and Immigration Statistics 1995; Facts and Figures 2009 9 9

10. Context: Demographics (cont). Permanent Residents: Intended City of Destination (Ontario) Sources: Citizenship and Immigration Statistics 1995; Facts and Figures 2009 Sources: Citizenship and Immigration Statistics 1995; Facts and Figures 2009 10

11. Context: Demographics (cont) Temporary Residents to Canada: Total (Stock + Flow) Source: Facts and Figures 2009 11

12. Context: Demographics (cont) Temporary Residents By Province Present on December 1, 2009 Source: Facts and Figures 2009 12

13. Context: Demographics (cont) Ontario Foreign Students Present on Dec 1, 2009 Foreign Students in Quebec Present on Dec 1, 2009 Source: Facts and Figures 2009 13

14. Context: Demographics (cont) Source: Okonny-Myers 2010 14

15. Context: Demographics (cont) Visible Minority and Aboriginal Populations: Canada (Census 2006) 15

16. Context: Demographics (cont) Ethnocultural Population (Canada) 1867 to 2017 ) Ethnocultural Population (Canada) 1867 to 2017 ) Sources: Censuses of Canada and 2017 Population Projections 16

17. Context: Demographics (cont) Reported Religious Affiliation Sources: 1991 & 2001 Censuses; 2017 & 2031 StatsCan Population Projections 17

18. Context: Public Discourse 1990s Brain Drain FCR Failure of Multiculturalism Welfare Dependency SARS / HIV / TB / “Ebola” Chinese Refugee Claimants arriving by Ship (1999) 9/11 2010s Brain Waste FCR Failure of Multiculturalism / Reasonable Accommodation Cuts to Settlement Funding HIV / TB Tamil Refugee Claimants arriving by Ship (2010) Radicalization Sources: Nancoo and Nancoo 1997; Mahtani 2001;Dunn and Mahtani 2001; Hier and Greenberg 2002; Mahtani and Mountz 2002; Henry and Tator 2000, 2002; Biles and Ibrahim 200?; Vukov 2003; Leung and Guan 2004; Jiwani 2006; Adeyanju and Neverson 2007; Bauder 2008; Mahtani 2008; Belkhodja 2008; Potvin 2008 18

19. Context: Public Opinion 19

20. Context: Research Themes 1996 Conference October 1996, Winnipeg 40 Papers Presented covered: Theory of integration Demographic Impact Economic Impact Social Impact Refugee Resettlement Economic Adaptation of Asian Immigrants Racism and Discrimination Measuring identity markers in the Census Chinese delinquency Coping with stress Resulted in two edited volumes by Leo Driedger and Shiva S. Halli Race and Racism: Canada’s Challenge (2000) Immigrant Canada: Demographic, Economic and Social Challenges (1999) 2010-11 March 2011, 13 th Nat’l Metropolis Conference Approximately 300 Papers Presented covering: Temporary Foreign Workers Immigrant Seniors Youth Employment equity Citizenship Welcoming Communities Economic Integration Foreign Trained/Credentialed Workers Roles of ethno-specific organizations Mental and Physical Health Role of Media Border Control Diversity in local contexts (large and small) Religion Provincial involvement in immigration Municipal involvement in immigration Settlement and integration Selection Policy Official Language Minority Communities and Immigration Refugees Transitioning to Permanence International Comparisons Immigration and the Family Immigrant Women Crime and Justice Housing/Homelessness Sources: Driedger and Halli 1999, 2000; Conference Programme 13 th National Metropolis Conference 20

21. Context: Department 1998-1999 Priorities – Maximum economic and social benefit from the global movement of people ($73.1M / 1,102 FTEs) – Enhanced protection of refugees and others in need of resettlement ($85.6M / 155 FTEs) – Support for the adaptation, settlement and integration of newcomers into Canadian society ($299M / 365 FTEs) – Management of access to Canada with a fair and effective enforcement strategy ($101M / 1,287 FTEs) – Corporate Services ($96.8M / 862 FTEs) Budget $645.8 million FTEs 3,815 2010-2011 Priorities – Migration that significantly benefits Canada’s economic, social and cultural development, while protecting the health, safety and security of Canadians ($243.6M / 1,957 FTEs) – International recognition and acceptance of the principles of managed migration consistent with Canada’s broader foreign policy agenda, and protection of refugees in Canada ($106.4M / 131 FTEs) – Successful integration of newcomers into society and promotion of Canadian citizenship ($1,561.7M / 836 FTEs) – Corporate Services ($136.3M / 1,091 FTEs) Budget $1,561,700,000 FTEs 4,015 Sources: Citizenship and Immigration Canada Reports on Plans and Priorities 1998- 1999; 2010-2011. 21

22. Context: Department (cont.) Leadership Changes: 2006-2011 Citizenship and Immigration Canada – 8 Ministers (Robillard, Caplan, Coderre, Sgro, Volpe, Solberg, Finley, Kenney) – 5 Deputy Ministers (Cochrane, Dorais [Assoc DM Vincent], Charette, Fadden, Yeates) – 8 Assistant Deputy Ministers (Policy) (Tsai, Fyffe, Atkinson, McLeod, Frith, Brown, Lyon, Linklater [AADMTapley/McDougall]) Multiculturalism Program – 5 Secretaries of State / Ministers (Fry, Bradshaw, Augustine, Chan, Kenney) – 7 Directors General – (Scotti, Ginsberg, Ellis, Paquet, Namiesnowski, Biguzs, Griffith) 22

23. Context: Engagement of Other Governments Federal Provincial Territorial Agreements (Immigration) – Quebec 1991 – Manitoba 1996 (Updated 2003) – Saskatchewan 1998 – British Columbia 1998 (Updated 2010) – Yukon 2001 (Updated 2008) – Prince Edward Island 2001 (Updated 2008) – New Brunswick 2005 – Ontario 2005 (Extended until March 31, 2011) – Newfoundland and Labrador 2006 – Alberta 2007 – Nova Scotia 2007 – Northwest Territories (2009) Source: CIC Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration 2010 23

24. Context: Engagement of Other Governments (Cont.) Sources: Biles 2008; Provincial Immigration Ministry Annual Reports 2009/10 24

25. Context: Engagement of Other Governments (Cont.) Since the mid-1990s, CIC has increasingly recognized the importance of engagement at the local level. – Municipalities play a central role in delivering many services that impact the settlement and integration experiences of newcomers. – Tremendous capacity and expertise exist at the local level. – Economic benefits of immigration are most evident in the local context. Municipalities and communities are taking a greater role in planning for and guiding immigration and settlement. – Attraction: critical gaps have been identified in the local labour force. – Retention: entire families need to feel welcomed for workers to stay. Ongoing and growing appetite for engagement. – Municipal Participation in Metropolis – Federation of Canadian Municipalities: Quality of Life – Francophone Minority Communities – UNESCO: Cities Against Racism – Maytree: Cities of Migration 25

26. Context: Engagement of Other Governments (Cont.) With the Canada-Ontario Immigration Agreement municipal engagement was explicitly included in a formal federal-provincial agreement for the first time.* Annex F: Partnerships with Municipalities – Commits two governments to involve municipalities in planning and discussions on immigration and settlement. Trilateral MOU: CIC, Ontario and Toronto Municipal Immigration Committee (MIC) – Co-chaired by CIC, MCI and the Association of Municipalities of Ontario (AMO). – Municipalities identified key priorities: attraction, retention, settlement and integration. (“Putting out the Welcome Mat: Why Immigration Matters to Ontario Municipalities” – September 2008). Municipal Initiatives under COIA – 2006 Consultations with 700 stakeholders in 10 Ontario communities. – Strategy 3 of the Work Plan: “Work with municipalities and federal-provincial government departments to enable partnerships that will integrate newcomers in the economic and social life of Ontario communities”. – COIA generated the right conditions for creating the Local Immigration Partnerships, Portals (MIIO Projects) and Regional Newcomer Employment Networks. * Canada-Alberta Agreement commits to working with municipalities. 26

27. Toronto Ottawa London Waterloo Niagara Smiths Falls Brantford Municipal Immigration Information Online (MIIO) Projects Local Immigration Partnerships Guelph Huron Regional Newcomer Employment Networks Hamilton Timmins Windsor North Bay Chatham- Kent Durham Lambton York Thunder Bay Peel Sault Ste. Marie Kingston Peterborough Municipal Initiatives under COIA 27

28. Context: Engagement of Other Governments (Cont.) Welcome BC has created the Welcoming and Inclusive Communities and Workplaces Program (WICWP). CIC and provincial counterparts at Manitoba Labour and Immigration have funded four rural case studies in Manitoba (Parkland Region, Portage la Prairie, Steinbach and Winkler) to assist communities developing strategies for immigrant attraction, settlement and retention. The cities of Edmonton (2007) and Calgary (2011) have both passed settlement policies, and the City of Saskatoon (2008) has established an immigration action plan with funding from three levels of government. Quebec’s Conférences régionales des élus are creating strategic plans and distributing funding for settlement/integration programs. The Atlantic Mayor's Congress held an immigration conference in 2005, the Halifax Regional Municipality Immigration Action Plan followed quickly, and New Brunswick francophone minority communities are focused on facilitating attraction and retention of newcomers. Source: Burr 2010 28

29. Policy: Centripetal Frame Source: Biles et. al. 2011 (forthcoming) 29

30. Policy: Selection Sources: Burstein et. al. 1994; Tolley 2003. 30

31. Policy: Integration 1996 Program Review Settlement Renewal LINC, ISAP, HOST (eventually ELT, WCI, Portal, OLMC) Focus on early settlement with emphasis on those most in need of assistance FCR Conference (1999) Little provincial interest (Quebec, BC, Manitoba) Little municipal engagement ($299M / 365 FTEs) 2010- Strategic Review Settlement Review “Modernized approach” Focus on early settlement with emphasis on both low language and education newcomers AND those with high education (e.g. FCRO) Pan-Canadian Framework All provinces interested/engaged Many municipalities engaged ($1,561.7M / 836 FTEs) Sources: Citizenship and Immigration Canada Reports on Plans and Priorities 1998-1999; 2010-2011; Biles 2008; Smith 2010 31

32. Policy: Integration (Cont.) Money, Partnerships & Governance, Accountability, and Outcomes Money: Settlement funding has increased more than 500% $299 Million (1998-1999) - $1,561.7M (2010-2011) Partnerships & Governance: Governance structures needs to adapt All provincial govts and many municipal govts are now active Many more service provider organizations & “mainstream organizations” Accountability: Updated governance structure needed to ensure accountability on expenditures, best practices and outcomes Outcomes: Agreement on measures (social, cultural, economic and civic), investment in data collection, utilization for policy and program development 32 Sources: Biles et. al. 2011; Seidle 2010a, 2010b; Good 2003

33. Policy: Integration (Cont.) Foreign Credential Recognition Chronology 1990 Canada ratified 1979 UNESCO Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees Concerning Higher Education in the States Belonging to the European Region 1990 Council of Ministers of Education of Canada establish the Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials 1991 Ontario Regulated Health Professions Act 1997 Canada signs the Lisbon Recognition Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees Concerning Higher Education in the States Belonging to the European Region 2003/04 HRSDC funds $68 million over five years for the Foreign Credential Recognition Program as part of Canada’s Workplace Skills Strategy 2005 Internationally Trained Workers Initiative introduced 2005 Internationally Educated Health Professionals Initiative launched by Health Canada 2006 Ontario Fair Access to Regulated Professions Act 2007 Foreign Credential Referral Office established within CIC 2007 Manitoba Fair Registration Practices in Regulated Professions Act 2009 Pan-Canadian Framework for the Assessment and Recognition of Foreign Qualifications 2009 FPT Govts approved amendment to Agreement on Internal Trade to begin full implementation of labour mobility Source: CIC 2009

34. Policy: Refugees Quick Chronology 1956 Hungarians 1968 Czechoslovakians 1960s/70s American Vietnam War resisters 1970/71 Tibetans 1972-1973 Ugandan Asians 1973 First legal basis for entry of refugees 1973 Chileans 1976 Immigration Act includes refugee category 1979 Three Designated Classes: Indochinese; Latin American Political Prisoners; Eastern European Self-exiled persons 1979s-early 1980s Southeast Asian “Boat People” 1981 Salvadoreans 1983 Sri Lankans 1985 Singh Decision 1988 C-55: Refugee Backlog Clearance Program 1988 C-84 Deterrents and Detention １９８８． Chinese (post-Tiananmen Square Massacre) 1992 C-86 Amendments to Immigration Act 1995 Hathaway Report on refugee determination process 34

35. Policy: Refugees (Cont.) More Recent Chronology 1999-2000 Operation Parasol (Kosovars) 2000 Right of Landing Fee abolished for refugees 2001 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 2002 Safe Third Agreement with United States 2007 Karen 2007 Bhutanese 2008 Iraqis 2010 Tibetans 2010 C-11 Refugee Reform Sources: Kelley and Trebilcock 1998; Mangat 1995; Dirks 1977 35

36. Policy: Refugees (Cont.) Ships, Security, and Processing Capacity Ships South Asians (Komagata Maru, 1914), European Jews (St Louis, 1939), Sikhs and Sri Lankans (1986, 1988), Chinese (1999), Tamils (2010) Security: “Terrorists, Scholars and Refugees” FLQ 1970; Montreal Olympics 1976; Air India 1985; Turkish Embassy Attack 1985; animal rights and environmentalist incidents 1990s; 9/11 2001 Processing Capacity Numbers, appeal processes, amnesties, backlogs Sources: Bell 2007; Kellett 2004; Thompson and Terlej 2003; Grace and Helms 1998; Kelley and Trebilock 1998; Mangat 1995; Thomas and Morgan-Witts 1994; Cox and Glen 1994; Adelman and Cox 1994; Hawkins 1991; Whitaker 1987 36

37. Policy: Admissibility 1998-1999 Phase 1 of a National Case Management System (NCMS) to provide an integrated system for all key enforcement activities International Enforcement Strategy Developed Created Secretariat for Protocols on Human Smuggling and Trafficking 6,000 improperly documented passengers were intercepted by Canada’s overseas Immigration Control Officers (Number of undocumented persons arriving at Canadian ports of entry declined by 6%) Acted on recommendations of Standing Committee Report on Detention and Removals (8,109 individuals were removed) Review of Ports of Entry Policies 2009-2010 CIC Introduced new permanent resident card with enhanced security features Visa requirements introduced for citizens of Mexico and Czech Republic Made changes to Safe Third Agreement with the US Refugee Reform Speech from the Throne (March 2010) promised action on unscrupulous immigration consultants and to speed up action on citizenship revocation for war criminals CBSA CBSA removed 14,775 individuals CBSA acted on recommendations of 2008 Auditor General Report on “Detention and Removal of Individuals” Enhanced reporting functions of NCMS Quality assurance of four holding centres Negotiate with provinces Sources: Citizenship and Immigration Canada Performance Reports 1999; 2009-10 and Canada Border Services Agency Performance Report 2009-10. 37

38. Policy: Admissibility (Cont.) Individuals may be denied a visa, or refused entry to or removed from Canada on the following grounds: Failure to comply with any provision of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA), such as, staying longer than authorized, working or studying without the necessary permits, or being previously deported; misrepresentation, which includes providing false information or withholding information directly related to decisions made under IRPA; financial reasons, if they are unable or unwilling to support themselves and their family members; having an inadmissible family member; security reasons, including espionage, subversion, violence or terrorism, or membership in an organization involved in such activities; human or international rights violations, including war crimes or crimes against humanity, or being a senior official in a government engaged in gross human rights violations or subject to international sanctions; serious criminality involving an offence, or its equivalent, punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of at least 10 years; Criminality, including conviction for an offence or commission of a criminal act; Organized crime, including membership in an organization that takes part in organized criminal activity, people smuggling or money laundering; health reasons, if their condition is likely to endanger public health or public safety, or might reasonably be expected to cause excessive demands on health or social services. 38

39. Policy: Admissibility (Cont.) IRPA Section 38(1) A foreign national is inadmissible on health grounds if his/her health condition: a) is likely to be a danger to public health b) is likely to be a danger to public safety c) might reasonably be expected to cause excessive demand on health or social services IRPA Section 38(2): exempts some categories of immigrants from the excessive demand assessment:  Spouse, conjugal partner or common law partner of a Canadian resident/citizen  Dependent child  Convention refugee/Refugee Claimant  Protected person 39

40. Policy: Admissibility (Cont.) Regulation 30(1): the following applicants require immigration medical examinations: all individuals applying for permanent residency temporary residents who are seeking to work in Canada in an occupation in which the protection of public health is essential (e.g. Health care, food services etc.) any applicant who an officer has reasonable grounds to believe is inadmissible under IRPA s.38(1) temporary residents (worker-student-visitor) – who will reside in Canada for a period of six consecutive months AND – who have resided or sojourned for a period of six consecutive months in a designated country*, during the one-year period immediately preceding the date they sought entry or made their application * Designated countries established based on TB Incidence rates current list can be found at: http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/information/medical/dcl.asp 40

41. Policy: Admissibility (Cont.) Danger to Public Health – Active Tuberculosis – Untreated Syphilis Danger to Public Safety – Drug addiction with history of violent behaviour – Uncontrolled psychotic conditions with history of violent behaviour 41

42. Policy: Admissibility (Cont.) Excessive Demand ◦ Defined in IRPA Regulation 1 as:  (a) a demand on health services or social services for which the anticipated costs would likely exceed average Canadian per capita health services and social services costs over a period of five consecutive years immediately following the most recent medical examination required by these Regulations, unless there is evidence that significant costs are likely to be incurred beyond that period, in which case the period is no more than 10 consecutive years; or  (b) a demand on health services or social services that would add to existing waiting lists and would increase the rate of mortality and morbidity in Canada as a result of an inability to provide timely services to Canadian citizens or permanent residents. 42

43. Policy: Admissibility (Cont.) Approximately 450,000 to 500, 000 Immigration Medical Examinations (IMEs) performed annually ◦ by 1,200 Designated Medical Practitioners (DMPs) around the world (Immigration Medical Officers no longer do the exam themselves.) Processed in 10 regional medical offices ◦ Ottawa, Port of Spain, Paris, London, Vienna, Nairobi, Delhi, Singapore, Beijing, Manila ◦ By Immigration Medical Officers Medical Officers responsible for: ◦ Review of the IMEs and recommendations of inadmissibility ◦ Quality Assurance visits of DMPs, radiology clinics and laboratories ◦ Medical intelligence Note: Information in this section provided to Robert Vineberg (2010) by CIC Immigration Health Branch 43

44. Policy: Admissibility (Cont.) The IME consists of: Pre-2002 ◦ History and complete physical examination for all applicants ◦ Urinalysis – those 5 years of age and older ◦ Syphilis testing (VDRL) and HIV testing - those 15 years of age and older ◦ Chest X-ray – those 11 years of age and older ◦ Further tests as required upon review of the initial examination Since January 15, 2002 – All of the above plus: ◦ Routine HIV testing all applicants 15 years of age and over or at any age if known risk factor (s)  Based on Health Canada’s advice received in 2001  HIV testing is fundamental to Canada’s objective of preventing transmission  Not considered a danger to public health  Transmission completely preventable  Risk determined by individual behaviour  Risk can be mitigated by education and counselling  May be deemed inadmissible if their health requirements are likely to create excessive demand on health or social services The IME is usually valid for one year 44

45. Policy: Admissibility (Cont.) Outcomes Admissible on health grounds (approximately 97%) – Normal or having a health condition considered not significant for the purposes of IRPA Admissible under condition – requiring medical surveillance (approximately 2-3%) – Inactive tuberculosis (the vast majority of cases) and syphilis must have been adequately treated Inadmissible on health grounds (approximately 0.3%) – Vast majority for excessive demand on health or social services – Threshold used for ED assessment: $4,806/year – Composite figure developed by adding the average Canadian cost published annually by the Canadian Institute of Health Information (CIHI) to a supplementary amount covering certain social services not included in the CIHI average – An applicant is likely to create excessive demand on health or social services if: Requirements’ costs exceed $24,030 over 5 years ($48,060 over 10 years) and/or Requirements add to the waiting list Sources: Vineberg 2010; Iyioha 2009 45

46. Policy: Citizenship / Multiculturalism Citizenship Act (1947, 1977) – Establish distinct Canadian citizenship – Established criteria for conferring and revoking citizenship – Outlines rights and responsibilities Three Acts that failed to pass (1990s and early 2000s) – Focus in the 1990s – redesigning naturalization process and official language requirements, BUT revocation became the main issue – Rights and responsibilities focus from Standing Committee in 1994, through C-16 (1999-2000), to new citizenship guide in 2010. – Toughening requirements for acquisition focus from Bill C-63 (1998-99) until present – National security implications key since debate on C-16, through Bill C-18 (2002-03) to present Sources: Anderson 2008; Garcea 2003; Galloway 2000) 46

47. Policy: Citizenship (Cont.) Three Acts that did pass (2005-2009) Private Member’s Bill: S-2 Resumption (2005) (Received royal assent and came into force on May 5, 2005) Targeted Reforms: C-14 Adoption (2006) (Received royal assent on June 22, 2007; came into force December 23) Targeted Reforms: Bill C-37 Lost Canadians and the First Generation Limit (Received royal assent April 17, 2008 and came into force April 17, 2009) 47

48. Policy: Citizenship / Multiculturalism 48

49. Policy: Multiculturalism (Cont.) 49

50. Policy: Multiculturalism (Cont.) Sources: Biles 2008; Annual Reports on the Operation of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act 1996/97-2008/09. 50

51. Policy: Multiculturalism (Cont.) Funded Projects 1992-93 1,264 applications (Budget $25,792,651) 26.8% Monoethnic organizations; 47.4% Multiethnic organizations;25.8% Mainstream organizations 5.4% Support for minority languages; 38.6% Intercultural understanding and institutional adaptation; 9.6% Fight against racism; 46.2% Integration into society and participation;.2% Special Projects 2001-02 182 applications (Budget $6,898,304) 17.7% Monoethnic organizations; 56% Multiethnic organizations; 27% Mainstream organizations 1.3% Support for minority languages; 47.8% Intercultural understanding and institutional adaptation; 29.1% Fight against racism; 21.1% Integration into society and participation; 1.5% Special Projects Source: McAndrew et. al. 2008. 51

52. Policy: Research / Metropolis Internal Research & Data Dvt Large scale data development (IMDB, LSIC, EDS, influence StatsCan surveys to increase immigrant sample (e.g. LFS, GSS) Key Publications: – Facts and Figures Visited 64,817 times in 2010 – Municipal Profiles – The Monitor – 20+ Research Reports Policy Uptake: – 930 ad hoc data requests in 2010 Expenditures: – 1995/96 $600,000 and 6 FTEs – 2010/11 $7.4 Million and 67 FTEs* Metropolis 1996-2012 Analysis of large scale data sets; development of some large data sets (e.g.NCCYS) Key Publications (Phase II alone) – 120 Working Papers – 306 magazine-style articles – 274 peer-reviewed articles – 44 Books – 86 Book Chapters – 760 presentations Policy Uptake – 46% of the total time policy-makers spent reading or reviewing materials or attending research dissemination events was Metropolis related; for 17% of respondents 100% of the time was focused on Metropolis Expenditures: – Approx $3.5 million/year* – FTEs 12 (@CIC); >12 (5 University-based Research Centres ) 52 * This includes resources for evaluation which was not included in 1995/96. * $2 million provided by CIC. This only counts direct expenses provided by the federal government. For further breakdown of other resources flowing to this initiative see Biles (forthcoming)

53. Policy: International /Intergovernmental / Stakeholder Relations 1990s Working with Intergovernmental Conference, Puebla Process Enhanced cooperation with the UK and the United States on security threats, and the activities and movements of criminals UN Convention on Transnational Organized Crime, the G-8 Protocol and protocols on migrants smuggling and trafficking in women (1998-99) 2000s International Engagement Strategy (2010) Beyond the Border Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Competitiveness (2010) UNHCR Executive Committee conclusion on protracted refugee situations (2009) Global Commission on International Migration (2005) December 29, 2004 Safe Third Agreement comes into effect between Canada and US Smart Border Accord 2001 Sources: Citizenship and Immigration Canada Reports on Plans and Priorities 1998- 1999; 2010-2011. 53

54. Policy: International /Intergovernmental / Stakeholder Relations Settlement Renewal 1996-1999 FPT Ministers Meetings launched 2002; DM Meetings launched 2007 – Strategic Directions (2005) Improved selection, improved outcomes for immigrants, increased regionalization and increased client services. – Vision (2010) Welcoming and supporting newcomers to join in building vibrant communities and a prosperous Canada Governance (see next slide) Sources: Biles 2008; Canadian Intergovernmental Conference Secretariat website 54

55. Ministers Responsible for Immigration FPT Table Deputy Ministers Responsible for Immigration Table ADMs Responsible for Immigration Table Settlement and Integration Working Group Information Sharing Working Group Research Working Group FPT Network of Officials Responsible for Multiculturalism Issues FPT Planning Table Economic Immigration Working Group (Permanent and Temporary) Economic Immigration Working Group (Permanent and Temporary) FPT Priorities ad hoc committees FPT Priorities ad hoc committees Intergovernmental: Governance Structure 55

56. Policy: International /Intergovernmental / Stakeholder Relations Metropolis Settlement Conferences I and II Settlement Sector: SPO Umbrellas Canadian Council for Refugees Levels Consultations – who played; who didn’t DM Advisory Committee Employer Engagement Local Immigration Partnerships 56

57. Stakeholder Relations: Metropolis Source: Biles (forthcoming) 57

58. Stakeholder Relations: Metropolis Source: Biles (forthcoming2) 58

59. Policy: Evaluation and Audit Evaluation Federal Skilled Worker Program [August 2010] Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC) Program[ March 2010 Metropolis Project Phase II: Knowledge Transfer Activities and Impacts [May 2009] Pre-Removal Risk Assessment Program [Feb 2008] Migration Policy Development Program [Feb 2008] Enhanced Language Training Initiative [January 2008] Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program [April 2007] CIC Evaluation Policy [January 2007] Initiatives to Foster Immigration to Francophone Minority Communities [October 2006] Canadian Orientation Abroad Initiative [June 2005] Canada’s Membership in the IOM [April 2005] Immigration Settlement and Adaptation Program (ISAP) [Jan 2005] Host Program [Nov 2004] Resettlement Assistance Program [Oct 2004] Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada [Sept 2004] Canada’s Citizenship Week [Jan 2004] Auditor General Fall 2010 Chapter 3 – Service Delivery Fall 2009 Chapter 2—Selecting Foreign Workers Under the Immigration Program May 2008 Chapter 7 – Detention and Removal of Individuals (CBSA) May 2003 Update Chapter 3 – Economic Component of the Canadian Immigration Program April 2003 Chapter 5—Control and Enforcement April 2000 Chapter 3 -The Economic Component of the Canadian Immigration Program December 1997 Chapter 25—The Processing of Refugee Claims 59 There are also many CIC internal audits in this period.

60. Conclusions: Some Things Old Some Things New Some Things Borrowed; and Some Things Blue? Plus Areas in Need of Research 60

61. Conclusions: Some Things Old Ubiquitous Policy Trade-Offs – Selection (balance, priority, resource allocation) – Settlement (service delivery vs. accountability) – Refugees (in-Canada versus UNHCR applications) – Admissibility (access vs. safety and security) – Citizenship (rights vs. responsibilities) – Multiculturalism (balance among priorities) – Research (data development, internal vs. external research) – Int’l/Intergovt’l/Stakeholders (governance) – Evaluation and Audit (Fiscal probity vs. outcomes) 61

62. Conclusions: Some Things New Religion Regionalization Francophone Minority Communities Welcoming Communities Human Capital Shift from Enforcement to Integration Pathways to Permanence TFW Explosion Settlement-Integration Continuum 62

63. Conclusions: Some Things Borrowed We have a lot to learn: Importance of International Comparisons Selection/FCRO – Australia Settlement – Australia, Europe Refugees – Europe Admissibility – Europe Citizenship – Municipal Franchise in Europe Multiculturalism - ? Internat’l/Intergovt’l/Stakeholders – Australia, Europe 63

64. Conclusions: Some Things Blue? 2011 Election Platforms Bloc – Family reunification, Haitian adoptions, humanitarian relief strategy, human trafficking, equitable refugee determination system, revise IRB appointments process, disable Cdn Multi Act in Quebec, amnesty for those in Canada more than 3 yrs, refugee appeal division implemented, revise act on security certificates and deportations, exempt TFWs from EI payments, revisit Mexican and Czech visas Conservatives – loans for credential recognition, extend security infrastructure program, develop and implement national action plan to combat human trafficking, protect religious minorities (refugee program and create an Office of Religious Freedom at DFAIT), expedite deportation of foreign criminals Green – Nothing immigration specific Liberals – better manage Can-US border, improve credential recognition and quickly integrate new Canadians, make fixing immigration and refugee determination a top priority, increase language training ($100 million), consult to develop solutions to wait times/inadequate information/confusion/inefficient procedures, work with Mexico to address Canada’s concerns with refugee claims and phase out visa requirement NDP – fast-track family reunification (regular and disaster areas), move towards a fair, efficient, transparent and accountable immigration system, once-in-a-lifetime sponsorship, accelerate FCR, ensure tough laws against crooked immigration consultants, work with official language minority communities to ensure immigration meets their needs, redress historical injustices, increase resources to reduce immigration backlogs, reinstate federal settlement funding to focus on literacy, community integration and orientation (including bridging and mentorship), ESL and FSL, and resource centres, and develop credible/accountable procedures with appeal for visa applicants seeking to attend family events Sources: Election Platforms 2011 64

65. Conclusions: Areas in Need of Research Settlement (programs, delivery, governance, outcomes) Governance Admissibility Immigration and Integration Policy Development Updated (more players are more active) – Veugelers 1999 – Hardcastle, Parkin, Simmons, Suyama 1994 – Simmons and Keohane 1992 – Hawkins 1991 65

66. Bibliography Abicus. 2010. Immigration Poll 2010. http://www.scribd.com/doc/44942299/Abacus-Immigration-Poll-Dec-2010 (accessed 19 April 2011) Abu-Laban, Baha, Tracey Derwing, Harvey Krahn, Marlene Mulder and Lori Wilkinson. 1999. “The Settlement Experiences of Refugees in Alberta” A Study Prepared for Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Adelman, Howard and David Cox. 1994. “Overseas Refugee Policy” in Howard Adelman, Allan Borrowski, Meyer Burstein and Lois Foster eds. Immigration and Refugee Policy: Australia and Canada Compared.Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 255-282. Adeyanju, Charles T. and Nicole Neverson. 2007. “’There Will Be a Next Time’: Media Discourse about an ‘Apocalyptic’ Vision of Immigration, Racial Diversity, and Health Risks” Canadian Ethnic Studies 39(1): 79-105. Alboim, Naomi. 2009. Adjusting the Balance. http://www.maytree.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/adjustingthebalance-final.pdf (accessed 21 April 2011). Anderson, Christopher G. 2008. “A Long-Standing Canadian Tradition: Citizenship Revocation and Second-Class Citizenship under the Liberals, 1993-2006.” Journal of Canadian Studies 42(3): 80-105. Bauder, Harald. 2008. “Immigration Debate in Canada: How Newspapers Reported, 1996-2004.” International Migration and Integration (9): 289-310. Belkhodja, Chedly. 2008. “The Discourse of New Individual Responsibility: The Controversy Over Reasonable Accommodation in Some French-language Newspapers in Quebec and Canada” ” in John Biles, Meyer Burstein and James Frideres eds. Immigration and Integration in Canada in the Twenty-first Century. McGill-Queen’s University Press: 253-268. Bell, Stewart. 2007. Cold Terror: How Canada Nurtures and Exports Terrorism Around the World. Toronto: John Wiley and Sons Limited. Biles, John. Annie Carroll, Radostina Pavlova, and Margaret Sokol (forthcoming). “Canada – Fostering an Integrated Society?” in John Biles and James Frideres eds. International Approaches to the Integration of Newcomers. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University. 66

67. Bibliography (cont.) Biles, John, Meyer Burstein, James Frideres, Erin Tolley and Robert Vineberg. 2011 “Conclusion” in Biles, John, Meyer Burstein, James Frideres, Erin Tolley and Robert Vineberg eds. Integration and Inclusion Across Canada. McGill-Queen’s University Press. Biles, John (forthcoming2) “The International Metropolis Project: A Model Worth Emulating?“ in Dan Rodríguez-García ed. Managing Immigration and Diversity in Canada: A Transatlantic Dialogue in the New Age of Migration McGill-Queen’s University Press. Biles, John. 2008. “Integration Policies in English-speaking Canada” in John Biles, Meyer Burstein and James Frideres eds. Immigration and Integration in Canada in the Twenty-first Century. McGill-Queen’s University Press:139-186. Biles, John and Humera Ibrahim. 2002. “After September 11, 2001: A Tale of Two Canadas” Paper presented at the 7 th International Metropolis Conference, Oslo Norway. Bloc Quebecois. 2011. Parlons Qc (Election Platform) http://www.blocquebecois.org/dossiers/campagne- 2011/documents/EnoncePolitique-Anglais.pdf (accessed 2 May 2011). Bolan, Kim. 2005. Loss of Faith: How the Air India Bombers Got Away with Murder. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Ltd. Burr, Kathleen. 2011. Local Immigration Partnerships: Building Welcoming and Inclusive Communities through Multi-Level Governance http://www.policyresearch.gc.ca/page.asp?pagenm=2011_0061_Burr (accessed 21 April 2011). Burr, Kathleen. 2010. A New Framework for Multi-level Governance: Working Together to Improve Outcomes for Newcomers in Communities across Canada – an Important Message from the Community Connections Team in the Integration Branch of Citizenship and Immigration Canada, in Ottawa http://welcomingcommunities.ca/images/docs/ebulletin10.pdf (accessed 21 April 2011). Burstein, Meyer, Leonie Hardcastle and Andrew Parkin. 1994. “Immigration Management Control and its Policy Implications” in Howard Adelman, Allan Borrowski, Meyer Burstein and Lois Foster eds. Immigration and Refugee Policy: Australia and Canada Compared.Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 187-226. Canada Border Services Agency. 2010. Part III: Departmental Performance Report 2009-10 Estimates. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2010/sct-tbs/BT31-4-91-2010-eng.pdf (accessed 26 April 2011). 67

68. Bibliography (cont.) Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2010. Facts and Figures 2009. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2009/index.asp (accessed 19 April 2011) Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2010b. Citizenship and Immigration Canada Report on Plans and Priorities 2010-2011. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2010c. Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration 2010. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2010d. 2009-2010 Departmental Performance Report Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2009. A Commitment to Foreign Credential Recognition: Government of Canada Progress Report 2009. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2007. Citizenship and Immigration Canada 1997/98 Estimates http://dsp- psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/BT31-2-1998-III-91E.pdf (accessed 27 April 2011).http://dsp- psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/BT31-2-1998-III-91E.pdf Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2006. “CIC Internal Review of the Metropolis Project.” Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2001. Bill C-11: Immigration and Refugee Protection Act OVERVIEW http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/about/policy/c11-overview.html (accessed 5 May 2001). http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/about/policy/c11-overview.html Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 1999. Performance Report for the period ending March 31, 1999. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 1998. Citizenship and Immigration Canada Report on Plans and Priorities 1998-1999. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 1995. Citizenship and Immigration Statistics 1995. Conservative Party of Canada. 2011. Here for Canada (2011 Election Platform). http://www.conservative.ca/media/ConservativePlatform2011_ENs.pdf (accessed 2 May 2011). Cox, David and Patrick Glenn. 1994. “Illegal Immigration and Refugee Claims” in Howard Adelman, Allan Borrowski, Meyer Burstein and Lois Foster eds. Immigration and Refugee Policy: Australia and Canada Compared.Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 283-308. 68

69. Bibliography (cont.) Dauvergne, Catherine. 2005. Humanitarianism, Identity and Nation: Migration Laws in Canada and Australia. Vancouver: UBC Press. Decima. 1995. Candians’ Attitudes Toward Race and Ethnic Relations in Canada: A Report to Canadian Council of Christians and Jews. Dirks, Gerald e. 1995. Controversy and Complexity: Canadian Immigration Policy during the 1980s. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Dirks, Gerald E. 1977. Canada’s Refugee Policy: Indifference or Opportunism? Montreal: mcGill-Queen’s University Press. Driedger, Leo and Shiva S. Halli. 2000. Race and Racism: Canada’s Challenge. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Driedger, Leo and Shiva S. Halli. 1999. Immigrant Canada: Demographic, Economic and Social Challenges. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Dumas, Steven. 1995. “An Analysis of Bill C-86: Canada’s Refugee Status Determination Process.” M.A. Thesis, University of Manitoba. Dunn, Kevin and Minelle Mahtani. 2001. “’Adjusting the Colour Bars’: Media Representation of Ethnic Minorities under Australian and Canadian Multiculturalisms” RIIM Working Paper No. 01-06. EKOS. 2010. Annual Tracking Survey – Winter 2010 Submitted to Citizenship and Immigration Canada http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/003/008/099/003008-disclaimer.html?orig=/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por- ef/citizenship_immigration/2010/102-09/summary.pdf (accessed 19 April 2011). Galloway, Donald. 2000. “The Dilemmas of Canadian Citizenship Law” in T. Alexander Aleinikoff and Douglas Klusmeyer eds. From Migrants to Citizens:Membership in a Changing World. Washington D.C. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: 82-118. Garcea, Joseph. 2003. “The Construction and Constitutionalization of Canada’s Citizenship Regime: Reconciliation of Diversity and Equality” Canadian Diversity 2(1): 59-63. Good, David A. 2003. The Politics of Public Management: The HRSDC Audit of Grants and Contributions. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 69

70. Bibliography (cont.) Government of Alberta. 2010. Ministry of Employment and Immigration Annual Report 2009-2010. http://www.employment.alberta.ca/documents/RRM/RRM-PUB-annrpt-09-10.pdf (accessed 6 April 2011). Government of British Columbia. 2010. Ministry of Advanced Education and Labour Market Development Annual Service Plan 2009/2010. http://www.bcbudget.gov.bc.ca/Annual_Reports/2009_2010/ae/ae.pdf (accessed 6 April 2010). Government of Manitoba. 2010. Department of Labour and Immigration Annual Report 2009-2010. http://www.gov.mb.ca/labour/annualreports/pdf/2009-2010_lim_annual_report.pdf (accessed 6 April 2011). Government of New Brunswick. 2011. Supplementary Min Estimates. http://www.gnb.ca/0087/PubAcct/PA10v2.pdf (accessed 7 April 2011). Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. 2010. Department of Human Resources, Labour and Employment Annual Report 2009- 2010. http://www.hrle.gov.nl.ca/hrle/publications/annualreport/HRLE2009_10annrep.pdf (accessed 7 April 2011). Government of Nova Scotia. 2010. Nova Scotia Office of Immigration Accountability Report for the Fiscal Year 2009-2010. http://www.gov.ns.ca/govt/immigration/2009-2010accountability-report.pdf (accessed 7 April 2011). Government of Ontario. 2010. 2009/10 Results-based Briefing Book for Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration. http://www.citizenship.gov.on.ca/english/publications/rbp2009-2010.shtml (accessed 7 April 2011). Government of Prince Edward Island 2010b. Innovation and Advanced Learning Annual Report 2009-2010. http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/ial_annual.pdf (accessed 7 April 2011). Government of Quebec 2010. Rapport annuel de gestion: MICC http://www.micc.gouv.qc.ca/publications/fr/ministere/rapport- annuel/Rapport-annuel-2009-2010.pdf (accessed 7 April 2011). 70

71. Bibliography (cont.) Government of Saskatchewan 2009. 2008/09 Annual Report of the Department of Advanced Education, Employment and Labour http://www.aeei.gov.sk.ca/2008-09-annual-report (accessed 6 April 2011). Grace, Sherill and Gabriele Helms. 1998. “Documenting Racism: Sharon Pollock’s The Komagata Maru Incident” in Veronica Strong- Boag, Sherill Grace, Avigail Eisenberg and Joan Anderson eds. Painting the Maple: Essays on Race, Gender and the Construction of Canada.Vancouver: UBC Press: 85-99. Green, Alan G. and David A. Green. 1995. “Canadian Immigration Policy: The Effectiveness of the Point System and Other Instruments” Canadian Journal of Economics 28(4b): 1006-1041. Hardcastle, Leonie, Andrew Parkin, Alan Simmons, and Nobuaki Suyama. 1994. “The Making of Immigration and Refugee Policy: Politicians, Bureaucrats and Citizens” in Howard Adelman, Allan Borrowski, Meyer Burstein and Lois Foster eds. Immigration and Refugee Policy: Australia and Canada Compared.Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 95-124. Hawkins, Freda. 1991. Critical Years in Immigration: Canada and Australia Compared. 2 nd Edition Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Henry, Frances and Carol Tator. 2002. Discourse of Domination: Racial Bias in the Canadian English-Language Press. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Henry, Frances and Carol Tator. 2000. “Racist Discourse in Canada’s English Print Media” Toronto: Canadian Race Relations Foundation. Hier, S.P. and Greenberg, J.L. 2002. “Constructing a discursive crisis: Risk, problematization and illegal Chinese in Canada” Ethnic and Racial Studies 25(3): 490-513. Iyioha, Ireh. 2009. “A Different Picture Through the Looking-glass: Equality, Liberalism and the Question of Fairness in Canadian Immigration Health Policy” Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 22(4): 621-663. 71

72. Bibliography (cont.) Jedwab, Jack. 1998. “Receiving and Giving: How Does the Canadian Public Feel About Immigration and Integration” in John Biles, Meyer Burstein and James Frideres eds. Immigration and Integration in Canada in the Twenty-first Century. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Jiwani, Y. 2006. Discourses of Dennial: Mediations of Race, Gender and Violence. Vancouver: UBC Press. Kalbach, Madeline A. 2011. “Religion in Canada” in Barry Edmonston and Eric Fong eds. The Changing Canadian Population. Montreal: McGill-University Press:330-346. Kellett, Anthony. 2004. “Terrorism in Canada, 1960-1992” in Jeffrey Ian Ross ed. Violence in Canada: Sociopolotical Perspectives (Second Edition): 284-312. Kelley, Ninette and Michael Trebilcock eds. 1998. The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Leung, Carrianne and Jian Guan. 2004. “Yellow Peril Revisited: Impact of SARS on the Chinese and Southeast Asian Canadian Comunities” Liberal Party of Canada. 2011. Your family, Your Future, Your Canada (Election Platform) http://cdn.liberal.ca/files/2011/04/liberal_platform.pdf (accessed 2 May 2011). Mahtani, Minelle. 2008. “How are immigrants seen – and what do they want to see? Contemporary research on the representation of immigrants in the Canadian English-language media” ” in John Biles, Meyer Burstein and James Frideres eds. Immigration and Integration in Canada in the Twenty-first Century. McGill-Queen’s University Press: 231-252. Mahtani, Minelle and Mountz, Allison. 2002. “Immigration to British Columbia: Media representations and public opinion” RIIM Working Paper No. 02-15. Mangat, Jas. 1988. “The Refugee Backlog Clearance Program of 1988: A Critical Examination of Canada’s Refugee Determination System” M.A. Thesis Simon Fraser University. 72

73. Bibliography (cont.) Mata, Fernando. 2010. “Religion-Mix Growth in Canadian Cities: A look at 2006-2031 Projections Data” Paper prepared for the Policy Research Group, Department of Canadian Heritage. McAndrew, Marie, Denise Helly, Caroline Tessier, and Judy Young. 2008. “From Heritage Languages to Institutional Change: An Analysis of the Nature of Organizations and Projects Funded by the Canadian Multiculturalism Program (1983-2002)” Canadian Ethnic Studies 40(3): 149-170. McWhinney, Mike. 1998. A Selection Criteria Chronology, 1967-1997: Critical Changes in Definitions, the Point System and Priority Processing. Prepared for Strategic Research and Review Branch, Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Nancoo, Stephen E. and Robert S. Nancoo. 1997. “The Mass Media and Diversity” in Nancoo, Stephen E. and Robert S. Nancoo eds. The Mass Media and Canadian Diversity. Mississauga: Toronto Educators’ Press: 30-59. New Democratic Party of Canada. 2011. Give Your Family a Break: Practical First Steps (Election Platform). http://xfer.ndp.ca/2011/2011-Platform/NDP-2011-Platform-En.pdf (accessed 2 May 2011). Okonny-Myers, Ima. 2010. The Interprovincial Mobility of Immigrants in Canada. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/research/interprov-mobility/index.asp (accessed 21 April 2011). http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/research/interprov-mobility/index.asp Palmer, Douglas. 1997. Canadians’ Attitudes Toward Immigration: November and December 1996, and February 1997 Surveys. Report presented to Strategic Policy, Planning and Research Branch, Citizenship and Immigration Canada. June. Potvin, Maryse. 2008. Crise des accommodements raisonnables: Une fiction mediatique? Montreal: Athena Editions. Public Works and Government Services Canada. 2009 “Summative Evaluation of the Metropolis Project Phase II: Knowledge Transfer Activities and Impacts.” Prepared by Government Consulting Services. Seidle, F. Leslie. 2010a. Intergovernmental immigration agreements and public accountability. Policy Options (July-August): 49-53. Seidle, F. Leslie. 2010b. The Canada-Ontario Immigration Agreement: Assessment and Options for Renewal. Toronto: Mowat Centre. http://www.mowatcentre.ca/research-topic-mowat.php?mowatResearchID=12 (accessed March 2011). http://www.mowatcentre.ca/research-topic-mowat.php?mowatResearchID=12 73

74. Bibliography (cont.) Simmons, Alan B. and Kieran Keohane. 1992. “Canadian Immigration Policy: state strategies and the quest for legitimacy” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 29(4): 421-452. Smith, Adrienne. 2010. “CIC’s Modernized Approach to Settlement Programming: A Brief Description” http://integration- net.ca:81/infocentre/2010/001e.pdf (Accessed 31 March 20110. Statistics Canada. 2010. Projections of the Diversity of the Canadian Population 2006 to 2031. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-551- x/91-551-x2010001-eng.pdf (accessed 27 April 2011). Statistics Canada. 2005. Population projections of visible minority groups, Canada, provinces, and regions 2001-2017 http://dsp- psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/Statcan/91-541-X/91-541-XIE2005001.pdf (accessed 27 April 2011). Thomas, Gordon and Max Morgan-Witts. 1994. Voyage of the Damned (Second Edition). Loughbprough, U.K: Dalton Watson Fine Books. Thompson, John C. and Joe Terlej. 2003. “Other People’s Wars: A Review of Overseas Terrorism in Canada” A Mackenzie Institute Occasional Paper http://www.mackenzieinstitute.com/Overseas_Terrorism_In_Canada.pdf (accessed 26 April 2011). Tolley, Erin. 2003. The Skilled Worker Class: Selection Criteria in the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act Metropolis Policy Brief: January. Veugelers, John W.P. 1999. “State-society Relations in the Making of Canadian Immigration Policy during the Mulroney Era” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 37(1): 95-110. Vineberg, Robert. 2010. “Immigration Policy and Health Research” http://www.pcerii.metropolis.net/.../ImmigrationPolicyandImmigrantHealth%5B1%5D. Pptx (accessed 26 April 2011). Vukov, T. 2003. “Imagining Communities through Immigration Policies: Government Regulation, Media Spectacles and the Affective Politics of National Borders” International Journal of Cultural Studies 6(3): 335-53. Whitaker, Reg. 1987. Double Standard: The Secret History of Canadian Immigration. Toronto: Lester and Orpen Dennys. 74