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PLANTS review. 1. What organism did land plants evolve from? Evidence suggests that land plants evolved from Green algae (Charophytes)

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Presentation on theme: "PLANTS review. 1. What organism did land plants evolve from? Evidence suggests that land plants evolved from Green algae (Charophytes)"— Presentation transcript:

1 PLANTS review

2 1. What organism did land plants evolve from? Evidence suggests that land plants evolved from Green algae (Charophytes)

3 2. Give 2 examples of the following types of plants: seedless nonvascular, seedless vascular, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Seedless nonvascular A.Moss B.Liverworts C.Hornworts Seedless vascular plants A.Club mosses B.Horsetails C.Ferns

4 2. Give 2 examples of the following types of plants: seedless nonvascular, seedless vascular, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms A.Ginkgos B.Cycads C.Conifers Angiosperms A.Monocot B.Dicots

5 3. Compare gymnosperm and angiosperms? A.Gymnosperms 1.Naked seeds--Seeds not enclosed in the fruits 700 species B.Angiosperms 1.Flowering plants--The seeds are enclosed in the fruits 2.250,000 species

6 4. Describe the following lifespans of plants: annual, biennial, and perennial. Annuals. Whole life is geared toward one thing: reproducing. The production of flowers and seeds is soon followed by death – One year max

7 4. Describe the following lifespans of plants: annual, biennial, and perennial. Biennials. Biennial plants complete their life cycle over two growing seasons. The first season they grow only foliage, The second growing season they form flowers and produce seeds; then, the mother plant dies.

8 4. Describe the following lifespans of plants: annual, biennial, and perennial. Perennials. Perennial plants continue to grow and flower for more than two years—and many will live for decades.

9 5. What are the two main groups of flowering plants based on seed type? A.Monocots Characteristics a.One cotyledon in each seed b.Petals in threes or multiples of three c.Veins in leaves are parallel d.Stems have scattered vascular bundles e.Fibrous roots

10 5. What are the two main groups of flowering plants based on seed type? Dicots 1.Characteristics a.Two cotyledons in each seed b.Petals in fours or fives c.Veins in leaf form network pattern d.Stems have vascular bundles arranged in a ring e.Usually have one large, main root (taproot)

11 MONOCOTSDICOTS Number of cotyledons in seed Vein pattern Flower parts in multiples of ? Location of vascular tissue Examples 6. Describe the difference between of monocot and dicots. one two parallel net Multiples of 3’s Multiples of 4’s & 5’s Corn, orchids, lilies, grasses Peas, beans, roses, oaks scattered In ring

12 7. Name and describe the three types of plant cells. Parenchyma In leaves, parenchyma contain chloroplasts Sclerenchyma Function as dead cells. They have thick cell walls impregnated with lignin and provide rigid support. Collenchyma They make a very flexible support tissue and have visibly thick cell walls.

13 8. Name and describe the individual function of each of the 2 types of vascular tissue. Vascular tissue A.Xylem--Conducts water and minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves B.Phloem--Conducts sugar from the leaves (where it is produced during photosynthesis) to the rest of the plant

14 9. Describe the cohesion- tension theory. Water moves from soil and roots to leaves along a water potential gradient. The gradient exists because water at the air-water surface in leaves is under negative pressure (tension) great enough to pull water up from the roots through xylem.

15 10. Describe the general anatomy of a leaf using the following terms: chloroplast, cuticle, photosynthesis, stoma, top of the leaf, bottom of the leaf and guard cells

16 11. What do we call the life cycle of an organism if it goes through both a haploid stage and a diploid stage during its life cycle? ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS

17 12. Describe the dominat life cycle phase (haploid or diploid) in the following types of plants: seedless nonvascular, seedless vascular, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Seedless Vascular Plants Have vascular tissue Diploid generation is dominant stage Angiosperms Flowering plants Diploid generation is dominant Have protective seed coats Have double fertilization – Two sperm are involved in fertilization

18 13. Describe the structure and function of the following “male” parts of the flower: anther and filament. A stamen is the male structure of a flower. The stamen includes: filament (holds up anther) anther (produce pollen)

19 14. Describe the structure and function of the following “female” parts of the flower: stigma and style The female structure is called a carpel. Flowers have several carpels fused called a pistil. Structure of pistil: stigma (sticky; where pollen lands) style (tube that leads to ovary) ovary (female reproductive structure)

20 15. What do we call the “female” part of the flower made of the stigma and style? The female structure is called a carpel. Structure of pistil: stigma (sticky; where pollen lands) style (tube that leads to ovary) ovary (female reproductive structure)

21 16. What do we call the “male” part of the flower made of the anther and filament? Flowers can be a single sex or contain both. A stamen is the male structure of a flower. –The stamen includes: filament (holds up anther) anther (produce pollen)

22 17. What is the difference in pollen production in wind pollinated plants vs. animal pollinated plants? Flowers allow for more efficient pollination than occurs in most gymnosperms, which rely on wind for pollination. Insects and other animals feed on pollen or nectar and transfer pollen when feeding.

23 18. Describe the process of pollination in angiosperms from the pollen landing on the stigma to the creation of a seed. Fertilization takes place within the flower. Pollination One cell in the pollen grain grows into a pollen tube that extends toward the ovule.The other cell in the pollen grain divides by mitosis, producing two sperm that travel down the pollen tube. One fertilizes the egg.

24 19. Describe and give the products of double fertilization. The pollen tube contains two haploid (1n) sperm. In angiosperms, one sperm fuses with or fertilizes an egg to produce a diploid (2n) zygote, divides by mitosis and develops into the embryo of the seed. The second sperm fuses with two, usually haploid, polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) nucleus termed the primary endosperm nucleus. Both sperm fuse or "fertilize" so it is called double fertilization.

25 20. What is the purpose of an endosperm and how is it formed during the reproduction of angiosperms? -One sperm + egg -> zygote -One sperm + polar nuclei -> 3n nucleus 3n nucleus divides to form a multinucleate cell = endosperm -Nourishes the embryo -Stores nutrients for the seedling -In dicots, transfers nutrients to the cotyledons

26 21. Describe and give the function of fruit in angiosperms. The function of fruit in flowering plants is to help disperse seeds to eliminate competition with parents. Animals, wind, and water can spread seeds.

27 22. Why is it an advantage for seeds to be dispersed to an area far away from the parent? allows plants to reach specific habitats that are favorable for survival, and may allow plants to colonize vacant habitats and even new geographic regions

28 23. What is dormancy and why does it occur? Seeds will not grow until conditions are favorable. This period before growth is called dormancy Examples: Strawberry seeds remain dormant until their seed coats are weakened in the digestive tract of an animal. Other seeds have waterproof seed coats that can only be cracked by winter ice.

29 24. What is germination? When a seed begins to grow it is called germination. Embryo takes up water and breaks out of seed coat. Seedling growth begins. Enzymes are activated inside the seed to help digest the endosperm.

30 25. Name and describe the two methods plants use for asexual reproduction. Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction in which stems, leaves, or roots attached to the parent plant produce new individuals. Example: aspen trees Vegetative reproduction involves a vegetative piece of the original plant = budding

31 26. Give the function of the following plant hormones: gibberellins, ethylene, and auxins Gibberellins are plant hormones that produce dramatic increases in size. Ethylene a plant hormone that causes ripening and is naturally produced by fruits. Auxins are plant hormones involved in the lengthening of plant cells.

32 27. What is a tropism? Plants can respond to light, touch, gravity, and seasonal changes. These responses are called tropisms. Phototropism is the tendency of a plant to grow toward light.

33 28. Describe and give an example of the following tropisms: thigmotropism, phototropism, and gravitropism Thigmotropism is the response of plants to touch. Phototropism is the tendency of a plant to grow toward light. Gravitropism is the response to Earth’s gravitational pull.

34 29. Name an example of leaf adaptation in the following climates: desert, cold and dry, tropical, aquatic, and plants in low nutrient areas. In desert climates leaves are adapted to minimize water loss In cold, dry climates, leaves are minimized to prevent damage from the cold. In aquatic environments, plant leaves are adapted for gas exchange or movement of water. In tropical climates, plants leaves are adapted to combat the competition for light, space, and nutrients.

35 29. Name an example of leaf adaptation in the following climates: desert, cold and dry, tropical, aquatic, and plants in low nutrient areas. A few plants are actually predators to supplement nitrogen in low nutrient environments.

36 30. Identify the following flower parts Anther filament stamen F. H. I. D. C. B. E. A. J. stigma style ovary Carpel ovule sepal petal

37 In angiosperms and gymnosperms a male gametopyte = a _______ Pollen grain What advantages do seeds have compared to spores? Seeds are multicellular with several layers of tissue protecting embryo Seeds have supply of stored energy so embryo can wait for good germination conditions and use stored energy for early growth

38 Plants with “naked” seeds are called __________ Gymnosperms In a flowering plant the mature ovaries are called _________ fruits

39 Angiosperm that has one cotyledon in the seed, parallel leaf veination, scattered vascular tissue and flowering parts in multiples of threes monocot Give an example of the above Corn, orchids, lilies, grasses

40 Angiosperm that has two cotyledon in the seed, net leaf veination, vascular tissue in a ring and flowering parts in multiples of fours or fives dicot Give an example of the above Roses, peas, beans, oaks

41 Flowering plants are classified in the PHYLUM ______________ ANTHOPHYTA The stamens with anthers are the _________ part of a flower. male female male

42 The ________ in a flower is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. carpel Plant pollen is _________ haploid diploid haploid

43 Gymnosperms have seeds often exposed on modified leaves called _________ cones The carpel including the stigma and style is the _________ part of a flower. male female female

44 CONTRAST MONOCOTS & DICOTS one two MONOCOTSDICOTS Number of cotyledons in seed Vein pattern Flower parts in multiples of ? Location of vascular tissue Examples parallelnet Multiples of 3’s Multiples of 4’s & 5’s Corn, orchids, lilies, grasses Peas, beans, roses, oaks scattered In ring

45 Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts belong in which group of plants? Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) As plants evolved from algae to angiosperms which generation increases in dominance? sporophyte

46 Ginko, cycads, Ephedra, and conifers belong in which group of plants? Gymnosperms

47 Flowering plants belong in which group of plants? Angiosperms

48 CONTRAST PLANT REPRODUCTION MossesFerns BryophytesPteridophytesGymnospermsAngiosperms Example Dominant generation Alternate generation How sperm move Relationship of gametophyte & sporophyte Ginko, conifersFlowering plants gametophyte sporophyte gametophyte (small) sporophyte (tree) sporophyte Requires water to swim Sporophyte grows on top of & provided nourishment by female gametophyte Sporophyte grows out of female archegonium of gametophyte; receives nourishment; independent at maturity Wind, insects carry pollen gametophyte (pollen, ovary) Gametophyte reduced in size; relies on sporophyte for protection and nourishment Wind, animals carry pollen gametophyte (pollen/ovule) Gametophyte reduced in size; relies on sporophyte for protection and nourishment

49 The transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant is called _____________ pollination


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