1. The Sun, The Moon, and Observing the Heavens

2. 0/0 If you could see stars during the day, the drawing below shows what the sky would look like at noon on a given day. The Sun is near the stars of the constellation Gemini. Near which constellation would you have expect the Sun to be located at sunrise on this day? 1.Leo 2.Cancer 3.Gemini 4.Taurus 5.Aries Leo Cancer Gemini Taurus Aries South West  East Sun

3. The changing position of the Sun during the year!

4. How can we describe the motion of the sun in the sky? westsouth meridian east Zenith or overhead X

5. How can we describe the motion of the sun in the sky? eastwestsouth zenith meridian PM or post meridian AM or ante meridian LUNCH!!

6. Where is the Sun at noon today? eastwestsouth zenith here or there?

7. eastwestsouth zenith there What about tomorrow at noon? Where is the Sun at noon today?

8. What about the path of the Sun? eastwestsouth zenith there What about tomorrow at noon? JUST A LITTLE LOWER !!

9. Where is the Sun throughout the year? eastwestsouth zenith Dec 21 Winter Solstice June 21 Summer Solstice Mar 21 (Vernal) and Sept 21 (Autumnal) Equinox

10. eastwestsouth zenith ONE YEAR The time for the sun to go from being highest in the sky at noon, to lowest and back to highest again is…

11. Where would the Sun be on your birthday?

12. Position of the Sun when photographed during the day of the winter and summer solstice

13. What do you think? Do the stars stay in the same position in the sky all day/night long? Do we see the same stars all year round every night?

14. What do you think? What causes the stars move? Do the stars actually move in the way they appear from Earth? Is the daily motion of the Sun different from the stars?

16. Astrology: The belief that the positions of the stars and planets as seen from Earth impact human events.

17. Constellations – the 88 semi- rectangular regions that make up the sky Northern constellations have Latinized Greek-mythology names: – Orion, Cygnus, Leo, Ursa Major, Canis Major, Canis Minor Southern constellations have Latin names: –Telescopium, Sextans, Pyxsis

19. Use the Summer Triangle to find constellations during summer evenings

20. Use the winter triangle to find constellations during winter evenings

21. Anyone recognize any shapes here?

22. Star Names SIRIUS Betelgeuse Aldebaran Rigel

23. Using Orion in to find other objects Sirius Aldebaran Pleiades Great Orion Nebula

24. Pleiades Seven Sisters Subaru

26. Use the Big Dipper in the northern sky as a way to find other groups of stars

27. How to find stuff in the sky – Star Charts http://skymaps.com/ http://www.fourmilab.ch/yoursky/cities.html http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/constellationjavalist.html

29. Consider the dome of the sky over our heads…. mixing bowl

30. inverted mixing bowl …. Consider the dome of the sky over our heads….

31. Tutorial: Star Charts – p.23

32. Imagining a spinning Celestial Sphere surrounding Earth aids in thinking about the position and motion of the sky

34. Animation!

35. Celestial Sphere Rotation North Star Star A Star B 1 1 3 3 2 2 4 4 Earth’s Equator Figure 1 Celestial Sphere Celestial Sphere Rotation Celestial Sphere Star A Star B 1 1 3 2 2 4 4 3 Figure 2 Horizon

36. Celestial Sphere Celestial Sphere Rotation Celestial Sphere Star A Star B 1 1 3 2 2 4 4 3 Figure 2 Horizon Is the horizon shown a real physical horizon, or an imaginary plane that extends from the observer and Earth out to the stars? Can the observer shown see an object located below the horizon? Is there a star that is in an unobservable position? When a star travels from being below the observer’s horizon to being above the observer’s horizon, is that star rising or setting?

37. How long did it take to get this picture?

38. Earth’s rotation causes the Sun, Planets, Moon and stars to appear to move when viewed from Earth

39. Nightly Motion of the Stars Imagine looking toward the East as a star rises above your horizon - what does it do after that?

40. Nightly Motion of the Stars Celestial Sphere Celestial Sphere Rotation Celestial Sphere Star A Star B 1 1 3 2 2 4 4 3 Figure 2 Horizon

41. Nightly Motion of the Stars For stars (the Moon and planets) that appear in the southern sky: Stars first rise near the eastern horizon, move upward and toward the south, and then move down and set near the western horizon.

42. What direction is the observer facing in this picture?

43. Nightly Motion of the Stars Imagine looking toward the North. What do stars appear to do over the course of an evening?

44. Nightly Motion of the Stars Looking North: Stars appear to move counter-clockwise around the stationary North Star (Polaris) – we call these circumpolar stars.

45. Looking North: Circumpolar Stars –Circumpolar stars seem to move counter-clockwise around the stationary North Star. –These constellations and stars are visible any night of the year in the NORTHERN sky because they never rise or set! –Examples: Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Draco, Cepheus, and Cassiopeia

46. What happens over time in the Northern Sky?

47. Your Birth Sign R OUGHLY, it is the constellation that the Sun is covering up during the day you are born if you were born 2000 years ago.

48. Zodiac - The 13 Zodiacal constellations that our Sun covers-up (blocks) in the course of one year ( used to be only 12 ) Aquarius Pisces Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Libra Virgo Scorpius Ophiuchus Sagittarius Capricornus

50. The Zodiacal Constellations that our Sun covers-up (blocks) in the course of one year ( only 12 are shown here ) North Star 365 days 1 day Aries Pisces Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpius Sagittarius Capricornus Aquariu s Figure 1

51. Which of these are true and which are false and what evidence is there to support your answer? Earth is closer to the Sun in summer than it is in the winter. When it is summer, the Sun is giving off more energy and when it is winter the Sun is giving off less energy. When it is summer, more sunlight reaches Earth than it does during the winter.

52. How are the motions and positions of Earth and the Sun connected to what happens on Earth? Earth’s rotation on its axis determines the length of the day. Earth’s orbit around the Sun determines the length of the year. The tilt of Earth’s rotational axis with respect to the plane of Earth’s orbit causes the seasons.

53. When the Sun is high in the sky during the day, the number of daylight hours is greater and the amount of direct sunlight received is greater. This results in Summer.

54. When the Sun is low in the sky during the day, the number of daylight hours is less and the amount of direct sunlight received is less. This results in Winter.

55. The tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation produces longer (or shorter) hours of more (or less) direct sunlight

56. 1 2 3 4 Which positions (1, 2, 3, or 4) correspond with which seasons (fall, summer, spring, winter) for the northern hemisphere? What about the southern hemisphere? The tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation produces longer (or shorter) hours of more (or less) direct sunlight

57. 1 2 3 4 What are the possible dates for positions 1, 2, 3, and 4? The tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation produces longer (or shorter) hours of more (or less) direct sunlight

59. Moon Phases

60. The changing phases of the Moon originally inspired the concept of the month

61. Moon Phase Names New Moon Waxing Crescent First Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Moon Waning Gibbous Third Quarter Waning Crescent

62. Watch Movie at: http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9911/lunation_ajc.gif

63. The Causes of Moon Phases Think to yourself about the answer to this question: What causes the phases of the Moon? Take out a piece of paper and quickly write out a brief answer.

64. How long does it take to complete the full cycle of Moon Phases? A. About a day B. About a week C. About a month D. About a year E. None of the above Check your answer with your partner!!

65. Moon Phases Video – RapRap

66. Although the Moon is always ½ lit by the Sun, we see different amounts of the lit portion from Earth depending on where the Moon is located in its orbit.

67. Although the Moon is always ½ lit by the Sun, we see different amounts of the lit portion from Earth depending on where the Moon is located in its month-long orbit.

68. How many phases shown in the picture at the right will the Moon go through in one day? How long does it take the Earth to complete one rotation? How far will the Moon have moved? How long does it take the Moon to complete one orbit? How many of the phases will the Moon have gone through in this time? How much of the Moons total surface is illuminated when it is in the New Phase? Full Phase? How much of the illuminated surface of the Moon is visible from Earth when it is in the First Quarter Phase, Full Phase? What time is it when the Waxing Gibbous Phase is highest in the sky, Rising? Setting? What phase will it be in one week later….

69. Hm..Questions. Does the moon rotate? Is it in the same place as it was 50 years ago? Where the heck did it come from? What’s the deal with the tides?

70. In each phase of the Moon, how much of the Moon is lit up by the Sun? Half the Moon is always lit by the Sun Except...

71. Eclipses occur ONLY when the Moon crosses the plane of Earth’s orbit around the Sun AND ONLY during the NEW or FULL phases

72. When the Earth’s shadow hits the Moon we have a ……. Lunar Eclipse

73. When Earth blocks most of the sunlight from illuminating the Moons surface for several hours when in the full moon phase

74. When the Moon’s shadow hits the Earth, we have a …. Solar Eclipse

75. Annular Eclipse Partial Eclipse Total Eclipse

76. Eclipses occur ONLY when the Moon crosses the plane of Earth’s orbit around the Sun AND ONLY during the NEW or FULL phases

77. When’s the next eclipse?