1. Winners and Losers? Nigeria and Norway? What issues are associated with the increasing demand for energy?

2. How can energy supply be managed to ensure sustainability?

3. Alternative Sources of Energy The relatively low oil prices in the 1990s limited the interest there was in alternative energy. However, concerns about the energy crisis and process increases have kick-started the industry. Alternative energy sources are generally more expensive than traditional sources. The gap is now closing due to improvement in technology, traditional supply becoming more expensive and government legislation.

4. Solar

5. Wind Almost 67% of wind power is concentrated in just three countries; Germany, Spain and USA. Apart from establishing new wind energy sites, repowering (replacing old wind turbines with new, more efficient engines) could also play an important role.

6. Biomass Living plants generate ten times as much energy each year as people consume. The direct domestic use of biomass, such as burning firewood, is a major source of energy in developing countries (Mali).

8. Tidal Power Ways of exploiting energy: 1.Building barrages across estuaries and bays with a large tidal range. 2.Harnessing local tidal currents with moveable, non- permanent installations. World’s first tidal barrage was in BRITTANY, France in 1966. A number of large scale schemes have been proposed but there are concerns about capital costs, long construction times and environmental impact. Example: River Severn.

9. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses the temperature difference between the ocean’s warm surface water and the cold deep waters to generate electricity. The system can only work in the tropics where the temperature difference between the surface and deep water is at least 20ºC. The USA developed the world’s first sea- powered power plant off the coast of Hawaii. OTEC provides a constant electricity flow but costs are high and the amount of electricity produced is small.

10. It is important to remember that not all renewable energy is suitable in all locations. All possibilities have their advantages and disadvantages.

11. Case Study: Germany: Satisfying the Energy Demand in an increasingly sustainable way. Using p 284-285 make notes on the strategies Germany is using to satisfy the energy demand in a sustainable way.

12. Recap – Germany… What is currently their primary energy consumption? Why do they need to develop renewable energy? How is Germany satisfying its energy needs in a sustainable way?

13. Case study: California: Planning a sustainable future

14. Case Study: California – Meeting energy needs in an increasingly sustainable way. Read through the California Case Study and complete the following questions: 1.Why is California’s energy consumption an important world issue? 2.What progress has already been made? Transport Coal-fired power stations Energy efficiency Renewable energy Geothermal energy Wind power Solar Power HEP Biomass Energy Under the following subheadings, describe what California is doing to ensure a more sustainable energy future:

15. With reference to one or more located examples, examine how the exploitation of energy resources brings social and economic opportunities (9). Examine – Describe and comment on a pattern, process or idea. Examine often refers to ideas or arguments, which demand close scrutiny from different viewpoints. Opportunities – Need to discuss social – people and economic – money. Located examples – Norway, Nigeria, China – Three Gorges Dam.

16. In china they have built the Three Gorges Dam. This is on the Yangtze River which flows into the sea at Shanghai. One of the reasons the dam was built was to give hydroelectricity to China. China is developing very quickly and needs a lot of energy for industry. The dam will provide about 4% of China’s energy which doesn’t sound much but is a lot in such a large country. Many of these industries in Shanghai and they produce good for export. China needs to keep these industries growing so that the economy will improve. The dam will also help prevent flooding. When the dam was built a huge lake built up behind it.,amy towns and farmland were flooded. However, new towns were built with higher standard houses and so this is a social opportunity for people. They might also get jobs in the power station or to do with the increased trade along the river now that it is less dangerous for boats. What would you give?

17. Examiners Comments 6/9 Good located example, with some links to the social and economic opportunities, however not always clear. No paragraphs – poor structure. Some brief and inaccurate use of terminology How could it be improved?

18. Nigeria is an oil-rich country in West Africa. Nigeria is the 4 th largest exporter of oil in the world with nearly all of its production going for export. Natural gas is also exported in liquefied form. This means that Nigeria receives a vast amount of revenue from its oil and gas. This can be used to help improve the country’s economy and help pay for health and education. There are jobs in the oil industry for local people although the use of transnational companies means that much of the money does not stay in Nigeria. In the UK North Sea oil and gas has developed since the 1970s. There have been many jobs created and places such as Aberdeen have really benefited. The TNC oil companies operating the drilling rigs need labour but so do all the industries, and so there is a multiplier effect in Scotland. Also young people living in the area can find jobs and so they don’t leave. This gives a more balanced community. In some countries, development of resources can really help remote areas. In Alaska oil brings in money and jobs to the region. The US government is keen to develop this are to reduce reliance on the Middle East for US oil. Nearly always the exploitation of resources brings economic and social opportunities but it can also bring disadvantages and cause pollution.

19. Examiners Report 8/9 The answer considers a range of relevant and quite detailed social and economic opportunities. The answer is structured into paragraphs, each focussed on a different point. A couple of actual figures would have put this at full marks.

20. Homework: Exam Style Question With reference to named examples, explain how the development of energy resources creates both opportunities and problems for people and society (25 marks).