Data, Information and Knowledge. What is Data? Data consists of raw facts and figures CONDONE Raw facts or raw figures but do not accept has no meaning.

Data, Information and Knowledge

What is Data? Data consists of raw facts and figures CONDONE Raw facts or raw figures but do not accept has no meaning. Example of Data: 120/60, 135/65, 140/70

What is Information? Information is data which has been processed by the computer (given context or meaning). Example of Information: 120/60, 135/65, 140/70- These are blood pressure readings.

What is Knowledge? Knowledge is derived from information by applying rules to it. Example of Information: 120/60, 135/65, 140/70- These are blood pressure readings- The patients results are becoming worse.

EXAM TIPS Data is not a single value It is important that you can distinguish between data and information. There are examples of processing below: o Performing Calculations o Making Decisions o Sorting Data o Grouping

Encoding Data- Why? Fewer transcription errors / greater data consistency / easier to validate Less hard disk space required / takes up less room on the hard drive / less memory needed Processing is faster (because less RAM required) / faster to search (pattern matching) CONDONE More data can appear on the screen

Encoding Data- Examples? Countries- o GB=Great Britain o IRL- Ireland Sizes o S = Small o M=Medium o L=Large o XL= Extra Large

Encoding Data- Problems? Encoding can coarsen data Limited choice leading to less accurate data Limited choice leading to loss of precision Value Judgements are a matter of opinion- good to one person may be bad to another.

Encoding Data- Advantages? Fewer transcription errors / greater data consistency / easier to validate Less hard disk space required / takes up less room on the hard drive / less memory needed Processing is faster (because less RAM required) / faster to search (pattern matching) NOT More data can appear on the screen NOT less space NOT storage space NOT faster to spot trends NOT easier/faster to enter data than to type the whole word. NOT anything connected to security. NOT less chance of getting rsi. NOT easier to query a database Encoding is not encryption. Do not accept ‘typing errors’.

Encoding Data- EXAM QUESTION By referring to an appropriate example, describe one problem associated with encoding of data. [2] ANSWER: MARK SCHEME= Examples of one mark answers Coarsening data leading to loss of precision Limited Choice leading to less accurate data Value judgements can lead to inconsistency Examples of two mark answer Coarsening data can lead to loss of precision if dark brown, mousy brown, light brown are all classed as brown. Value judgements can lead to inconsistency for example if asked “Was the meal ‘excellent’, very good’, ‘good’, or ‘poor’?” One person’s excellent meal is only good for another. NOT unable to understand the code or mixing up the code

Encoding Data- EXAM QUESTION 2. Data is often encoded before it is entered into a computer. One of the advantages of encoding data is that it saves time typing in the data. (a) Give two other advantages of encoding data before entering it into the computer. [2] (b) Encoding data can lead to inaccurate results. Identify two different ways this could happen and illustrate each with an appropriate example. [2×2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 2 (a) One mark per advantage from: Fewer transcription errors / greater data consistency / easier to validate Less hard disk space required / takes up less room on the hard drive / less memory needed Processing is faster (because less RAM required) / faster to search (pattern matching) NOT More data can appear on the screen, NOT less space NOT storage space,NOT faster to spot trends, NOT easier/faster to enter data than to type the whole word. NOT anything connected to security, NOT less chance of getting rsi, NOT easier to query a database Encoding is not encryption. Do not accept ‘typing errors’.

Encoding Data- EXAM QUESTION 2. Data is often encoded before it is entered into a computer. One of the advantages of encoding data is that it saves time typing in the data. (a) Give two other advantages of encoding data before entering it into the computer. [2] (b) Encoding data can lead to inaccurate results. Identify two different ways this could happen and illustrate each with an appropriate example. [2×2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 2 (b) (Problem must match example to get two marks) Any one of the following, with an appropriate example. Note - A well argued example could gain both marks. Problem Encoding can coarsen data Limited choice leading to less accurate data Limited choice leading to loss of precision Value judgement Example Not enough categories when representing eye colour, or age groups (when finding the mean have to assume all at the midpoint for grouped data) BUT NOT just answers like bracketing 34 year olds with 26 year olds causes problems. Value judgements fitting into a category and subjectivity / Value judgements can lead to inconsistency, e.g. hair colour, opinion on politicians, etc. Examples of one mark answers Coarsening data leading to loss of precision Limited Choice leading to less accurate data Value judgements can lead to inconsistency Examples of two mark answer Coarsening data can lead to loss of precision if dark brown, mousy brown, light brown are all classed as brown. Value judgements can lead to inconsistency for example if asked “Was the meal ‘excellent’, very good’, ‘good’, or ‘poor’?” One person’s excellent meal is only good for another. NOT unable to understand the code or mixing up the code

The Value and Importance of Information

Hoe does information help to make decisions? The more information there is that is relevant to making the decision, the less risk there is in taking the decision. Information enables the managers to take remedial action- for example, if a customer owes a large amount of money then no orders should be sent to them until they are up-to date with their account. Simulations can be performed using a spreadsheet software to experiment with “what if” scenarios using the information in order to arrive at a decision.

Decision Making- EXAM QUESTION (c) Discuss, using suitable examples, two ways in which good quality information can add value to an organisation by aiding the decision making process. [2 × 2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= (1 mark for process 1 mark for example) x2 Process: Monitor progress Example: A shop analyses the performance of its POS terminal operators and warns operators who are too slow or make too many mistakes. Process: Can target reasoning and strategy making (resources) to gain advantage over competitors Example: A manufacturer spends money developing a new product because they have seen a gap in the market. A company developed special sized shampoo bottles when airline companies limited the amount that could be taken into the cabin. Information about customers’ buying habits is valuable here and can lead to an organisation or company becoming more profitable. Information can tell an organisation how well it is doing compared to its competitors. Example can be worth 2 marks if concept of targeting resources is clear. Example 1: Company decides to spend money on advertising in Area B to promote a particular product. (‘… because they have noticed sluggish sales’ may qualify for spotting trends mark) Example 2: Information from research is used to identify gaps in a particular market which can then be filled by developing a new product. Process: Spot trends Example: Analyse sales data and realise when something is out of fashion e.g. sales of tape recorders or if one region buys more of something than another.

The competitive advantage information gives? Ensure that customer orders are always satisfied by having accurate stock information. Be able to anticipate customer demand from previous sales information. For example you could predict the amount of barbeque related items would be sold during a sunny spell. Use market research collected from customers to understand why they chose the organisation/products/services.

Good Quality Information will need to be? Correctly Targeted

Accurate Accurate - Data without any mistakes. E.g correctly reading a persons gas metre to ensure that they are billed the correct amount of money to what they have used.

Correctly Targeted Correctly targeted - The question should be targeted at the people who are going to use it OR e.g. if asking for information about motorbikes there is no point asking car drivers. No good asking vegetarians about meat eating.

Understandable Understandable - The meaning of any information should be clear to the user OR if the information is in a very complicated format then it will waste time and people could draw the wrong conclusions from it.

Complete Complete - Has to include all the information. OR e.g. letters not having postcodes take longer to deliver.

Relevant Relevant - Data has to be related to the task you are trying to investigate. OR there is no point using information about babies from people whose children are in their late teens. No good collecting information on ice-cream sales in Alaska in the winter if you want to open your kiosk in California

Upto Date Up-to-date - Information changes with time and without a date stamp could be too old to be useful OR means that the data is not too old i.e. a travel company would not have much profit from using 10 year old data on holiday patterns to decide which resorts to offer this year. (Time has to be either stated or implied). (Condone timely as an alternative word to up-to-date).

Qualities of Information- EXAM QUESTION (c) Other than information being accurate and valid, describe using examples, two other characteristics of good quality information. ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= (1 mark for process 1 mark for example) x2 Process: Monitor progress Example: A shop analyses the performance of its POS terminal operators and warns operators who are too slow or make too many mistakes. Process: Can target reasoning and strategy making (resources) to gain advantage over competitors Example: A manufacturer spends money developing a new product because they have seen a gap in the market. A company developed special sized shampoo bottles when airline companies limited the amount that could be taken into the cabin. Information about customers’ buying habits is valuable here and can lead to an organisation or company becoming more profitable. Information can tell an organisation how well it is doing compared to its competitors. Example can be worth 2 marks if concept of targeting resources is clear. Example 1: Company decides to spend money on advertising in Area B to promote a particular product. (‘… because they have noticed sluggish sales’ may qualify for spotting trends mark) Example 2: Information from research is used to identify gaps in a particular market which can then be filled by developing a new product. Process: Spot trends Example: Analyse sales data and realise when something is out of fashion e.g. sales of tape recorders or if one region buys more of something than another.

Costs of obtaining good quality information Costs Human Resources- The cost of any staff performing data entry, the costs of training these staff, the costs of any specialist staff needed for programming and software can be pushed to the limit by users’ demands for more information. NEW STAFF MAY BE NEEDED TO COLLECT/ENTER DATA/MAINTAIN THE SYSTEM. Financial Costs- Data may need to be transferred from one place to another using expensive communication lines, Outside firms may be used to ensure that the data is backed up off-sites and consumables costs such as printer paper and ink OMR DEVICES MAY NEED TO BE PURCHASED. TRAINING MAY BE REQUIRED. Time Costs- Processing a large amount of data takes up a lot of time and many ICT systems have many millions of records to process to extract the required information. The backing up of large amounts of data is necessary however very time consuming. DATA ENTRY TAKES UP A LOT OF TIME WHICH TAKES THE EMPLOYEE AWAY FROM THEIR JOB

Costs of obtaining good quality information- EXAM QUESTION (b) There are financial costs involved in getting good quality information. State two other costs and, giving a different example for each, show how these costs can rise. [4] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 2 (b) Two other costs: time (1), human resources / people / staff / employees (1) both must have different stages and real example (1 mark for naming the cost x 2) Appropriate example, such as: the time consuming nature and the specialist staff requirements Accept also, time to re-train (could come under time or HR issues) time to analyse the data e.g. Designing/Creating Data Collection sheets e.g. employ someone to create the forms., Takes time to trial the sheets before using for real. Data Collection e.g. New staff have to be employed to go and ask people questions. Training needed to show the team how to collect the data. Maintenance/Updating Staff have to be employed to keep the hardware running and to modify the software when legislation changes or bugs are found. Data Entry New staff have to be employed to type in the results of the data collection. OMR devices have to be purchased. It takes time for someone to type in the data which takes them away from another job.

Decision Making- EXAM QUESTION (c) Discuss, using suitable examples, two ways in which good quality information can add value to an organisation by aiding the decision making process. [2 × 2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= (1 mark for process 1 mark for example) x2 Process: Monitor progress Example: A shop analyses the performance of its POS terminal operators and warns operators who are too slow or make too many mistakes. Process: Can target reasoning and strategy making (resources) to gain advantage over competitors Example: A manufacturer spends money developing a new product because they have seen a gap in the market. A company developed special sized shampoo bottles when airline companies limited the amount that could be taken into the cabin. Information about customers’ buying habits is valuable here and can lead to an organisation or company becoming more profitable. Information can tell an organisation how well it is doing compared to its competitors. Example can be worth 2 marks if concept of targeting resources is clear. Example 1: Company decides to spend money on advertising in Area B to promote a particular product. (‘… because they have noticed sluggish sales’ may qualify for spotting trends mark) Example 2: Information from research is used to identify gaps in a particular market which can then be filled by developing a new product. Process: Spot trends Example: Analyse sales data and realise when something is out of fashion e.g. sales of tape recorders or if one region buys more of something than another.

Quality of Information

Quality of information? The quality of the information is a measure of: – The Accuracy – The Relevance for a particular use – How up-to date the information is – The completeness of the information – How easy the information is to understand – How well information is targetted – How much user confidence there it in the information

Accuracy/ Valid Accurate- Data which is correct and has no errors. Valid- Data which is sensible and follows a rule e.g. presence checks- data must be entered.

Accuracy- EXAM QUESTION 2. Good quality information must use accurate and valid data. (a)Explain what is meant by the term accurate data. [1] (b) “Data entered into a computer may not be accurate but still be accepted as valid.” Using a suitable example, explain the difference between accuracy and validity. [2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 2.(a) Accurate data is correct / truthful / has no errors (b) 1 mark for clear explanation of difference It would pass any range or format checks but it may not be correct 1 mark for specific example (must refer to a specific check to gain second mark) Example: a customer completes a form with DOB which is correct. e.g. 05/06/84 A data entry clerk makes a transcription error and types in the numbers the wrong way around06/05/84. (1 mark) If added :-- Both would pass the range check to see that they are over 18 but only one of them has an accurate DoB for the customer (would get the second mark) Good example clearly showing the differences worth two marks as above

How can we find information? ICT Sources= Intranet Internet CD-ROMs Teletext NON ICT Sources= Directories Maps Letters News papers Manuals Books

How can we find information? EXAM QUESTION 3. A student has been asked to find information on alternative energy sources. One method of finding such information is to use books from the school library. State two different electronic methods of finding this information and for each, describe one distinct advantage of using this method over using a text book. [4] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 3 Any two of 2 x 2 1 mark for each type given 1 mark for each advantage Note - Advantages must be different. Internet/search engines Key word searches, Interactive resources, Editable information, Copy and paste pictures / diagrams into reports, Wider choice / variety of information available, Up-to-date information, Easier / quicker to search for information, to google, Can get lots of results faster than reading books Email experts / teacher Books may not be available; email could give faster response,Chat to other students / tutors (blog), Real-time, Ask further questions if not sure, Post questions on bulletin boards, Reach wider audience CD based software Lighter to carry home, Key word searches, Copy and paste pictures / diagrams into reports. Interactive resources, Editable information, Wider choice / variety of information available. Up-to-date information, Easier / quicker to search for information On-line encyclopaedias Key word searches, Interactive resources, Editable information, Copy and paste pictures / diagrams into reports, Wider choice / variety of information available, Up-to-date information, Easier / quicker to search for information Teletext Up-to-date information Interactive Television Up-to-date information. Intranet Condone VLE Mobile phone apps etrader

Validation and Verification

Problems with inaccurate data Incorrect decisions may be made resulting in a loss of money. Goods being sent out to the incorrect address. Having to spend time sorting out mistakes. Loss of reputation. Loss of trust. Prosecution over the Data Protection Act 1998 for not keeping personal data accurate.

How can data errors occur? Stages Transcription-This is human mistakes when either keying in data or filling in forms such as optical mark forms- this can be done through carelessness and not picked up through methods of verification such as proofreading. This can be overcome through setting up verification checks such as double entry or validation checks such as presence checks. Processing- A programming error may result in programs crashing and stop running, incorrect formulas with in a spreadsheet may be used, Damages from viruses, Equipment mal function. Input- Even though data has bee verified and validation checked it can still be incorrect, therefor the most effective way to prevent the mistakes occurring would be to use a little human entry as possible. This could be avoided through using direct methods as much as possible such as bar coding, OCR and MICR. Transmission- Data may become corrupted, this can be often be checked through checking the data after it has been passed through any communication line.

How can data errors be reduced? Stages Staff should be trained effectively and accurately Avoid the use of a keyboard as a data input method. Use automated methods of data entry e.g. bar coding, OMR etc. Programs must contain appropriate validation checks.

What is Validation?- EXAM QUESTION 5. (a) Validation is very important in modern data processing systems. (i)Define what is meant by the term ‘validation’ ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= Validation is a (computer) check to ensure that data is sensible / reasonable / legal (but NOT correct or accurate). or Validation is the automatic checking of data entered into a computer system.

What are Validation checks?- EXAM QUESTION (ii) Name and describe, a validation method that could be used in a student record keeping system. Use an example in your answer. [3] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME=

Validation vs Accuracy- EXAM QUESTION (b) “Data entered into a computer may not be accurate but still be accepted as valid.” Using a suitable example, explain the difference between accuracy and validity. [2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= (b) 1 mark for clear explanation of difference It would pass any range or format checks but it may not be correct 1 mark for specific example (must refer to a specific check to gain second mark) Example: a customer completes a form with DOB which is correct. e.g. 05/06/84 A data entry clerk makes a transcription error and types in the numbers the wrong way around 06/05/84. (1 mark) If added :-- Both would pass the range check to see that they are over 18 but only one of them has an accurate DoB for the customer (would get the second mark) Good example clearly showing the differences worth two marks as above

What is Verification?- EXAM QUESTION (b) Define the term verification. Name and describe one verification method used in online shopping systems. ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 5 (b) Definition 1 mark, name of method 1 mark, description 1 mark Verification is the use of checks to make sure data is consistent and has not been corrupted. or Verification is the checking that data has been copied accurately from one medium to another (entered correctly but data might not itself be correct). Proof reading / Read before you submit – being asked to check what you have entered is correct before being allowed to move on, i.e. ordered the right amount of items Double entry – having to re-input your account number, email address or the password ‘when creating the account or changing a password’. Description must be sensible and relevant to online shopping and can be awarded even if name not there if it is clear which it is.

Capabilities and Limitations of ICT

Advantages of ICT Repetitive processing Speed of processing Data storage capacity Speed of searching Accuracy Speed of data communication The ability to produce different out put formats Improved security of data and processes.

Advantages of ICT- EXAM QUESTION (b) ICT systems search and process data much faster than manual systems. Describe two additional advantages of ICT over manual methods of data processing using suitable examples in each case. [4] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 7(b) Any 2 with suitable example 2x2 Advantages – each point must be illustrated with a suitable example. Repetitive processing / carrying out the same task to the same standard repeatedly (consistency), e.g. Processing the payroll run on a computer for a large organisation. Data storage capacity / Able to store an enormous amount of information in a small space, e.g. all the information on the pupils in a large school will fit on a hard drive compared to a huge number of filing cabinets. Accuracy and context / Calculations are carried out accurately, e.g. in a spreadsheet if formula and data are correct then calculations will be correct. Speed of data communications / Messages sent out across the world instantaneously, e.g. an email can be sent from the UK to the USA within seconds. The ability to produce different output formats / Information can be produced in tabular or graphical format, e.g. a scientist producing a report will include data in a table and to make some of them easier to understand will produce some of them as graphs. e.g. mailmerge output from a data source. Ease of editing. NOT to do with handwriting. Easier to back up data......... (Well qualified). Allows predictive analysis / gives better management information

Factors effecting efficiency of ICT Hardware Software Suitability of software The effects of communication The effects of input (GIGO)

Factors effecting efficiency of ICT – EXAM QUESTION 7. Efficient data processing systems offer many advantages when processing large amounts of data. (a)Other than hardware and the quality of data being entered, describe three factors affecting the efficiency of data processing systems. [3] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 7.(a) Any three from: (If only 3 listed points - 1 mark) Software - Does the software put a big demand on the system - does it work with other software. Relevance to task Suitability of the OS - If there is a need for quick up to date information, there is no point running it on a batch processing system. Insufficient testing - Has the system been checked in all sorts of situations / volume Maintenance procedures - Is there someone whose job is to ensure that the data and software is kept up to date. Proper backups – maintaining virus protection Other factors could be: Change in circumstances during development Speed of implementation Compatibility - Do the different devices talk properly to each other. Poor communication with the user - Does the final system fit in with what was requested. Competence of users / poor training Post-implementation procedures – Do they use training manuals / error logs / auditing procedures Cost – of maintaining software upgrades – of developing system – of installation Hardware support / reliability - Care must be taken not to award marks for duplicate reasons

Factors effecting efficiency of ICT – EXAM QUESTION (b) Describe four factors that could affect the efficiency of data processing systems. Do not describe the data itself in your answer. [4] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 5. (b) Any four from: (If only 4 listed points 1 mark) Hardware – if the system has an old slow processor will take too long to process the data, cost of upgrading Software - Does the software put a big demand on the system - does it work with other software. Suitability of the OS if there is a need for quick up to date information, there is no point running it on a batch processing system Communication - Do the different devices talk properly to each other, does the final system fit in what was requested Testing - Has the system been checked in all sorts of situations. Maintenance procedures - Is there someone whose job is to ensure that the data and software is kept up to date. Proper backups. Other factors could involve description of: Change in circumstances during development Speed of implementation Compatibility Poor communication with the user Abilities of the user Post-implementation procedures Cost Hardware support / reliability Memory and processor speed are NOT distinct points.

Limitations of data Processing Systems The nature of computer Software: – Ability to transfer data – Bugs- may cause the system to crash – Compatibility- system may not be able to undertake the running of the applications software. – Poor design of software Change in circumstance during development – Must adapt quickly to change Organisations constantly changing – Therefore the systems will need to be changing too Speed of implementation – Need to react quickly Compatibility – Does all of the system work with each other Insufficient testing – Bugs may be more constant and more common to find Poor communication with user Cost

Uses of IT with in Business

CAD Hatching/rendering: Allows the architect to try out different finishes on the building to see the aesthetic affect/choose the best. Wire drawing: Outline design (perspective) requires less processing to display/ permits rapid previewing. Walkthrough: allows the architect to see what the inside of the building will look like. Rotate: allows the architect to see the design from all angles. Zoom: Allows the architect to see the design in fine detail. Stress/strain: Allows the architect to see if there are any load bearing problems with the design before it is built. / Do calculations to see if the building is safe. / Allows the architect to see if the design of the building is safe before it is built. Costings – Allows a database of prices of materials to be created. The program can explore the cost of different options in a kitchen plan.

Advantages of CAD Easily stored and transferred- drawings are digitalised and can be sent via email to others working on the project. Easily altered- Existing drawings can be easily altered rather than starting from scratch. Can manipulate image- ease of manipulation of images on the screen. 3D- drawings can be very easily scaled up or down. Can use libraries of art work to include in the diagrams- for example trees, people, plants Can produce lists of components automatically- can be used to create lists of dimensions

CAD -EXAM QUESTION 5. CAD (Computer-aided design) software allows a user to draw accurate plans and designs. (a) Other than zoom or rotation, describe two other features of a CAD package, giving an appropriate distinct example of how each could be used. [4] (b) Many industries now use CAM (Computer-aided manufacture). Describe by using an example the relationship between CAD and CAM. [2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 5.(a) Any 2 x 2 (1 for describing feature and 1 for example) (MAX 1 mark for a list) Costings – Allows a database of prices of materials to be created. The program can explore the cost of different options in a kitchen plan. Hatching/Rendering – can use different finishes or materials. Can do „what if‟ investigation to see the effect of different finishes. Stress/strain – allows design features to be checked against requirements. By working out the weights of materials can avoid a later disaster. Walk-through – internal view in 3D / visit rooms in 3D. Allows a supermarket to visualise what the building will be like by testing out various layouts. 2D/3D, Layering, Library of symbols, wireframe, simulation, dimensioning, prototyping 2x2 5.(b) For two marks must include design on computer and making object using computer driven machine (design and make 1) (object and process 1) Examples of 1 mark answers – CAM is the use of computers to control the manufacturing process using a design created in a CAD package. CAD designs an object using a computer and CAM makes the object using a computer guided machine. Example for 2 marks - Clothing designed in CAD package and then cut out correctly and stitched by a CAM package - Or similar.

CAD -EXAM QUESTION 6. Listed below are four features of a CAD package. hatching/rendering wiredrawing walkthrough rotate Describe how each could be used by an architect when designing a house. [4] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 6. 1 mark for each description x 4 Hatching/rendering: Allows the architect to try out different finishes on the building to see the aesthetic affect/choose the best. Wire drawing: Outline design (perspective) requires less processing to display/ permits rapid previewing. Walkthrough: allows the architect to see what the inside of the building will look like. Rotate: allows the architect to see the design from all angles.

CAD -EXAM QUESTION 3. Architects use Computer Aided Design (CAD) software when designing a new house. Describe an advantage that each of the following features of CAD software gives an architect when designing a new house. [4] zoom stress/strain walkthrough hatching/rendering ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= Zoom: Allows the architect to see the design in fine detail. Stress/strain: Allows the architect to see if there are any load bearing problems with the design before it is built. / Do calculations to see if the building is safe. / Allows the architect to see if the design of the building is safe before it is built. Walkthrough: Allows the architect to see in virtual reality what the inside of the building will look like. (Must be clearly referring to internal view). Hatching/rendering: Allows the architect to try out different finishes on the building to see the aesthetic affect / it is suitable / to pick the best.

CAM CAM is the use of computers to control the manufacturing process Takes input from CAD packages. Products are made automatically

CAM- Advantages Cheaper Manufacture- it is automatic so costs are reduced. Faster time to design manufacture- can produce items quicker. Lower wage costs- very little human involvement means the goods can be created much cheaper and therefore have a higher profit margin. Machines can be re-programmed- this will enable them to make new products. Can make small quantities which would usually be uneconomical- the customers design can be achieved cheaply.

Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Electronic Funds Transfer is moving money (electronically) from one account to another e.g. from a customer account to pay for goods purchased.

Advantages of electronic Payments Customer: Faster receipt of goods or services- no wait for post or cheques to clear. Quicker to enter card details rather than sending a cheque in the post. If a credit card is used for items over £100 then the credit card company will take up any complaints you have with the store. Company: Payment is made immediately therefore cash flow is improved. EFT can be integrated with accountancy systems, so fewer account staff are needed therefore reducing business costs. No wasted time dealing with cheques that bounce. Faster delivery can be offered which can improve turn over.

Disadvantages of electronic Payments Customer: Payments are easy, so the customer may impulse buy and regret the choice later on. There may be a tendency to spend too much on credit cards There is always the danger of fraud. Not everyone has a computer or internet access. Erosion of privacy as more companies hold data about you and what you buy. Company: Stores have to pay a commission for electronic payments to the company being used to make the payments. Stolen credit cards may be used to purchase goods and it is the seller who has to bear the costs of the fraud. The need to be procedures in place to ensure the security and privacy of customers data, particularly their credit card or debit card details.

Payment methods- EXAM HELP 7. Business is becoming more reliant on ICT. (a) Describe in detail what is meant by EFT. [2] (b) Describe what is meant by EPOS and discuss the benefits of EPOS for the retailer. [5] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 7. (a) Electronic Funds Transfer (1) is moving money (electronically) from one account to another e.g. from a customer account to pay for goods purchased (1) 7. (b) Electronic Point Of Sale (1) is the hardware and software needed to automate the checkout process (1) Any three from: Advantages Need for less staff as no need to put price on each item Money taken straight out of customer account so the company is guaranteed it Less need for physical security as not have to carry as much cash Allows ‘just in time’, better stock control, (less waste) Less time in queues so happier customers and greater throughput Better management statistics / monitoring staff e.g. checkout performance Allows better targeting Automatic re-ordering Attract / retain customers by allowing additional services e.g. cashback, topping up your phone, allows a variety of payment methods, allows special offers – loyalty cards, BOGOF, vouchers

E-Commerce A catalogue of products- this will keep a record of all stock with in the company for the customer to purchase. A search facility- This would allow a user to search for an item which they would like to look at or purchase. A shopping cart/Basket- This allows shoppers to browse and add and remove items from their basket. Checkout- When the shopper has finished they should be able to enter any details and successfully. Payment- This should be secure for the user and must make them feel safe in using the website.

E-Commerce- EXAM HELP (d) The company also has an on-line shopping facility. Describe four different benefits that on-line shopping offers the company and its customers. [4] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= If candidates do not indicate to whom the benefit applies, then max mark = 1. Company Always accessible (both) / Available 24/7 (customer). Low start up and running costs (company). Save money on rental space. Cheaper to update website than a catalogue / Easier to update. Global marketplace. Other income sources / advertising. Gain custom by suggesting other items. Customer Available 24/7 (customer but not given twice). Easier to find information because of search engine. Greater choice. Saves on travel costs / shop from home. Can be used by disabled customers. Price comparisons. Read reviews. Automatically produce shopping lists / favourite items stored for fast re-ordering. Online discounts

Bar codes- EXAM HELP A barcode is a series of light and dark bars of differing widths, with a code number printed underneath, made up of country of origin code, manufacturer code, the product code, a check digit. Advantages: Faster- scanners are sophisticated and can read bar codes at different angles. More accurate- compared to typing in long codes manually. Low printing costs- Can be printed on to labels. You can buy special soft ware which allows an ordinary printer to print bar codes. Disadvantages: Can only be used for the input of numbers. Expensive- the laser scanners in supermarkets are expensive, although hand held hand scanners are relatively cheap.

Bar codes- EXAM HELP 8. A multi-national supermarket company has many branches. (a) The supermarkets make use of barcodes for recording sales. Describe what a barcode is used for. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using barcodes to input data in the supermarkets. [4] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 8. (a)(Any 2) A barcode is a series of light and dark bars of differing widths (1) With a code number printed underneath (1) Made up of country of origin code, manufacturer code, the product code, a check digit. (Any 3) (1) (If PRICE included NO mark.) Advantages (1 mark) Faster to enter data / can read at any angle. More accurate as eliminates typing errors. Low printing costs. Frees staff to do other tasks/staff don’t have to manually price goods. Disadvantages (1 mark) Can only be used for the input of numbers. Equipment is expensive. Corrupted barcodes can cause delays.

Just in time- EXAM HELP How does Just in time work? Code matched on stock database. One deducted from stock database / Item sold decreases record by 1. checked against reorder level. if below automatic level request sent to supplier. stock delivered. stock database updated Advantages: Smaller storage / warehouses needed as not much stock held Store is better able to respond to changing demand Easier to cope with several small deliveries (less staff) than 1 big one. Do not run out of fast selling items Less risk of stock being out of date/waste Disadvantages: Expensive to introduce/set up More admin staff as store responsible for own ordering True stock may differ because of theft, etc. Cannot respond to unusual demand Disruption to transport Communication failure if qualified (not just ‘internet down / internet failure’)

Just in time- EXAM HELP (b) ‘Just in time’ control systems are used extensively for stock control in the supermarkets. Describe how ‘just in time’ stock control works after a barcode is scanned at a Point of Sales (POS) terminal. [4] (c) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages ‘Just in time’ stock control offers the supermarkets. [6] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= (b) Any four of: Code matched on stock database. One deducted from stock database / Item sold decreases record by 1. checked against reorder level. if below automatic level request sent to supplier. stock delivered. stock database updated (c) Must have at least two advantages and two disadvantages to gain full marks Advantages: Smaller storage / warehouses needed as not much stock held Store is better able to respond to changing demand Easier to cope with several small deliveries (less staff) than 1 big one. Do not run out of fast selling items Less risk of stock being out of date/waste Disadvantages: Expensive to introduce/set up More admin staff as store responsible for own ordering True stock may differ because of theft, etc. Cannot respond to unusual demand Disruption to transport Communication failure if qualified (not just ‘internet down / internet failure’)

Loyalty cards The scheme works like this: 1.The customer fills in an application form to join the loyalty scheme. 2.The customer is given a card which contains a magnetic strip. 3.Each time the customer goes to the store they take the card with them. 4.When making the purchases whether by cash, debit card or credit card, the loyalty card links the customer to their purchases. 5.The card adds a certain number of points based on their bill and items bought, to the total. 6.As stores can link what the customer buys to the customer details, they can send special offer vouchers for the things the customer buys. y

Uses of IT with in Education

CAL- Features Highly interactive- Users can supply answers to questions and situations. Multimedia. Used for tutorials- Allows the user to learn something new. Use models/simulations- The user can experiment and see what happens in different situations. Used for revision- interactive tests. Encouragement to the user- If they get the answer wrong then they can try again and the answer can often be displayed after a number of attempts. Games- This will make learning fun and even the most serious and complicated topics can be made fun through turning it into a game. Testing and assessment- This will show how well they understand the topic. The results are then given immediately including information on what they did well and what they did less well. Can be used at a distance- No need for formal learning with lessons in set times/places. Can learn at own pace and revisit any unsure topics.

CAL- Advantages Pupils work at own pace. Good for pupils with learning difficulties. (customisation) Pupils respond better to automated feedback. Can gauge their own progress / instant feedback / automatic marking. Engaging screens - colour/animation/sound/video. Automatic generation of progress reports. Special adaptations can be built in / Can target specific areas. Materials provided in different formats such as text, voice, video, animations. Have flexibility as to where and when they work, at home, in car, out walking/running. Variety of activities can motivate and maintain interest. Can access material using different hardware e.g. laptop, mobile phone, mp3 player, tablet. (No brand names) Available at any time. Revisit when you need to. Multilingual support.

CAL- Disadvantages Lack of personal support (close at hand) / no peer interaction. Cost of software/specialist hardware. No collaborative learning.

CAL-EXAM QUESTION (b) Describe two advantages and one disadvantage of CAL software. Do not give the same advantages and disadvantage as in part (a). [3] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 7. (a) Two advantages and one disadvantage (1 mark each), such as: Advantages Pupils work at own pace. Good for pupils with learning difficulties. (customisation) Pupils respond better to automated feedback. Can gauge their own progress / instant feedback / automatic marking. Engaging screens - colour/animation/sound/video. Automatic generation of progress reports. Special adaptations can be built in / Can target specific areas. Materials provided in different formats such as text, voice, video, animations. Have flexibility as to where and when they work, at home, in car, out walking/running. Variety of activities can motivate and maintain interest. Can access material using different hardware e.g. laptop, mobile phone, mp3 player, tablet. (No brand names) Available at any time. Revisit when you need to. Multilingual support. Disadvantages Lack of personal support (close at hand) / no peer interaction. Cost of software/specialist hardware. No collaborative learning. Note: same answers cannot be credited twice.

Distance Learning Distance Learning can make use of all ICT developments such as: Email- Students are free to e-mail their tutors with problems they are having with the subject. Chat rooms- Students can chat in real time amongst themselves or with their tutor in a group tutorial. Video conferencing- Allows a teacher/lecturer to give a lesson/lecture to a group of students who may all be located in different places.

Distance Learning Advantages Don’t have to be in the same location as teacher/pupils who are ill can keep up to date. Students don’t have to travel / can work at home/ empowers disabled Can access more courses / allows access to courses not taught in your school. Classes can run with small number of pupils. Shared expertise. Potential cost saving to schools if well qualified. Flexibility of time. Disadvantages Diminish literacy – texting. Cost implication of installation. Lack of personal support (close at hand) / immediacy / no peer interaction. Pupils must be motivated to achieve their goals. Need for equipment at home. Broadband problems (if qualified)

Distance Learning -EXAM QUESTION 7. Schools and colleges make use of distance learning and Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) software. (a) Describe two advantages and one disadvantage of distance learning. [3] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 7. (a) Two advantages and one disadvantage (1 mark each), such as: VLE/Videoconferencing are examples of distance learning. Advantages Don’t have to be in the same location as teacher/pupils who are ill can keep up to date. Students don’t have to travel / can work at home/ empowers disabled Can access more courses / allows access to courses not taught in your school. Classes can run with small number of pupils. Shared expertise. Potential cost saving to schools if well qualified. Flexibility of time. Disadvantages Diminish literacy – texting. Cost implication of installation. Lack of personal support (close at hand) / immediacy / no peer interaction. Pupils must be motivated to achieve their goals. Need for equipment at home. Broadband problems (if qualified)

Computerised Registration OMR Teachers are given an OMR form with class lists each week and they put a black mark whether present or absent. The form is read by computer and an absent list produced. The teacher marks the reason for the absence in the correct space on the OMR form. Radio tags As pupils enter a classroom the PC detects their presence from the tag and adds the information to the central register. Admin software on PC / laptop / tablet / phone Teachers take the register on their machines and the information is transferred electronically to the central server. Bromcom In some schools the teachers have a specialised device with a wireless link to the admin server. Teachers fill in an attendance form at the beginning of every lesson and this is wirelessed up to the office Smart cards Each pupil has their own smart/swipe card which they swipe through a computer at the beginning of registration and every lesson. This data is sent to the office either by wireless or by file transfer.

Computerised Registration- Advantages Saves teachers/teaching time Improved attendance Easier to spot absence patterns Improved tracking of attendance cuts down internal truancy Automatic SMS messages to parents Automatic creation of statistics, automatic archiving Know which pupils are in and are late Know where pupils are all times if year tutor wants to see them Printout report summary to check pupils % attendance Multiple access points to the data Condone - marks for method specific advantages

Computerised Registration- Disadvantages Wireless - Wireless coverage for all rooms / grounds may not be available. Any (but only once) - Initial cost of purchasing electronic equipment Biometric - Cost of maintenance and repair / dirt causes problems – need technical support Swipe cards - Pupils might swipe their friends cards into a lesson - teacher has not checked - relied upon the machine to do it Any – In a Fire cannot use the system and might not know who is there OMR – Cannot be done sensibly every lesson, too much labour involved, paper can easily be damaged, tends be done daily/weekly and thus can be out of date. Only 1 access point

Computer based registration-EXAM QUESTION 8. (a) Schools and colleges use ICT to register pupils. Describe three different computer based methods of registration used in schools and colleges and discuss, in general, the advantages computer based registration systems give the school or college. State a specific different disadvantage for each of your chosen methods. [10] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 8. (a) Three marks for description of any 3 of the following methods. No mark for just naming the method. No list mark awarded. Can award marks for general answers within a method but only award once. 3 marks for the method, 3 for the disadvantages and 4 for the advantages OMR Teachers are given an OMR form with class lists each week and they put a black mark whether present or absent. The form is read by computer and an absent list produced. The teacher marks the reason for the absence in the correct space on the OMR form. Radio tags As pupils enter a classroom the PC detects their presence from the tag and adds the information to the central register. Admin software on PC / laptop / tablet / phone Teachers take the register on their machines and the information is transferred electronically to the central server. Bromcom In some schools the teachers have a specialised device with a wireless link to the admin server. Teachers fill in an attendance form at the beginning of every lesson and this is wirelessed up to the office Smart cards Each pupil has their own smart/swipe card which they swipe through a computer at the beginning of registration and every lesson. This data is sent to the office either by wireless or by file transfer. Biometrics (Once) Each pupil as they enter the classroom they place their thumb on the finger print reader. This data is sent electronically to the office. (same for retina scanning). Advantages Saves teachers/teaching time Improved attendance Easier to spot absence patterns Improved tracking of attendance cuts down internal truancy Automatic SMS messages to parents Automatic creation of statistics, automatic archiving Know which pupils are in and are late Know where pupils are all times if year tutor wants to see them Printout report summary to check pupils % attendance Multiple access points to the data Condone - marks for method specific advantages Disadvantages Wireless - Wireless coverage for all rooms / grounds may not be available. Any (but only once) - Initial cost of purchasing electronic equipment Biometric - Cost of maintenance and repair / dirt causes problems – need technical support Swipe cards - Pupils might swipe their friends cards into a lesson - teacher has not checked - relied upon the machine to do it Any – In a Fire cannot use the system and might not know who is there OMR – Cannot be done sensibly every lesson, too much labour involved, paper can easily be damaged, tends be done daily/weekly and thus can be out of date. Only 1 access point Any – communications failure can mean that no lists are available 7-10 marks Candidates give a clear, coherent answer fully and accurately describing three methods, discussing advantages and a specific disadvantage for each. They use appropriate terminology and accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 4-6 marks Candidates give brief descriptions of three methods, and give advantages and a specific disadvantage for each but responses lack clarity. There are a few errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar. 1-3 marks Candidates simply list methods but may not give advantages or a disadvantage, or give a brief description of one. The response lacks clarity and there are significant errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar. 0 marks No appropriate response.

Computerised Teaching CAL CBT Blogs Distance learning Video conferencing Online learning / Internet researching / e-learning Chat rooms Revision programs Authoring software Interactive whiteboards Specialist hardware e.g. for disabled VLEs

Computerised Teaching- Advantages Greater interactivity holds a pupils attention Quicker feedback in online tests Offers a variety of different ways to learn and a variety of information sources. More dynamic learning Allows user to learn at own pace and can learn at times suitable for themselves Allows user to ‘go over’ earlier work again in case they did not understand i.e. repeat sections they found difficult earlier Computer based training significantly reduces costs for the employers and can be safer if it is a danger Cuts down on travelling for staff or pupils Disabled can carry on with learning

Computerised Teaching- Disadvantages Lack of collaborative learning Need to be self motivated Lack of social interaction Cost of installation and maintenance (must be well qualified) Work / life balance of teacher Communication failure Inequality of learning experience (them and us)

Computer based Teaching-EXAM QUESTION (b) Describe three different uses of computers for Teaching and Learning, giving different advantages and disadvantages for these uses. [8] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 8 (b) For full marks, candidates need to discuss three of the following with appropriate advantages and disadvantages (at least two of each for full marks). No mark for naming the use. No marks for a list. Maximum 5 marks for advantages / disadvantages (i.e. 2 + 3 or 3+ 2) and 3 marks for methods CAL CBT Blogs Distance learning Video conferencing Online learning / Internet researching / e-learning Chat rooms Revision programs Authoring software Interactive whiteboards Specialist hardware e.g. for disabled VLEs No marks for repeated items. Accept any other reasonable answer. AdvantagesDisadvantages Greater interactivity holds a pupils attention Quicker feedback in online tests Offers a variety of different ways to learn and a variety of information sources. More dynamic learning Allows user to learn at own pace and can learn at times suitable for themselves Allows user to ‘go over’ earlier work again in case they did not understand i.e. repeat sections they found difficult earlier Computer based training significantly reduces costs for the employers and can be safer if it is a danger Cuts down on travelling for staff or pupils Disabled can carry on with learning Accept any other reasonable answer Lack of collaborative learning Need to be self motivated Lack of social interaction Cost of installation and maintenance (must be well qualified) Work / life balance of teacher Communication failure Inequality of learning experience (them and us)

Uses of IT with in Health Care

Expert Systems An ICT system that emulates the decision making ability of a human expert. Main components Knowledge base Inference engine User Interface

Expert Systems- Advantages The computer can store far more information than a GP. It can draw on a wide variety of sources such as stored knowledge from books, case studies to help in diagnosis and advice on things such as prescriptions / symptoms The computer does not 'forget' or make mistakes – remembers obscure cases of heart diseases Data can be kept up-to-date e.g. adding more results of radiology scans / constant updating The expert system is always available 24 hours a day. Will never 'retire'. The system can be used at a distance over a network. Therefore rural areas or even poorer third world countries have access to experts. Provides accurate predictions with probabilities of all possible problems with more accurate advice especially for obscure illnesses Some people prefer the privacy of 'talking' to a computer rather than talking to a GP Gives the doctor more time to deal with other patients / saves overloading doctors in epidemic/pandemic / more time to deal with serious cases Can provide a second opinion It can help train young doctors in unfamiliar diseases. People can do an initial diagnosis from home saving them travel and time costs especially if in a rural area or have long waiting lists to see a GP, e.g. if you suspect your child has a rash you could quickly check the symptoms for meningitis.

Expert Systems- Disadvantages Over reliance on IT system / Loss of doctor expertise Cost to buy and set up the system Some people do not like to talk to a computer People can convince themselves that they are worse than they from misusing the online version Lacks the 'human touch' – lack of personal contact Dependent upon the correct information being given. If data or rules wrong the wrong advice could be given. / GIGO Expert systems have no "common sense". They have no understanding of what they are for, nor of what the limits of their applicability are, nor of how their recommendations fit into a larger context. If MYCIN were told that a patient who has received a gunshot wound is bleeding to death, the program would attempt to diagnose a bacterial cause for the patient's symptoms. Expert systems can make absurd errors, such as prescribing an obviously incorrect dosage of a drug for a patient whose weight and age are accidentally swapped by the clerk.

Expert System- EXAM QUESTION 8. The Health Service makes extensive use of ICT. (a) The Health Service makes use of Expert Systems. State the three main components of an expert system and then describe, with examples, the advantages and disadvantages of using an expert system in the Health Service. [8] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 8 (b) For full marks, candidates need to discuss three of the following with appropriate advantages and disadvantages (at least two of each for full marks). No mark for naming the use. No marks for a list. Maximum 5 marks for advantages / disadvantages (i.e. 2 + 3 or 3+ 2) and 3 marks for methods 8.(a) One mark for each component and up to five marks for advantages or disadvantages. Answers have to cover all 3 sections and there has to be at least one advantage, disadvantage and example to get full marks. Main components Knowledge base Inference engine User Interface AdvantagesDisadvantages The computer can store far more information than a GP. It can draw on a wide variety of sources such as stored knowledge from books, case studies to help in diagnosis and advice on things such as prescriptions / symptoms The computer does not 'forget' or make mistakes – remembers obscure cases of heart diseases Data can be kept up-to-date e.g. adding more results of radiology scans / constant updating The expert system is always available 24 hours a day. Will never 'retire'. The system can be used at a distance over a network. Therefore rural areas or even poorer third world countries have access to experts. Provides accurate predictions with probabilities of all possible problems with more accurate advice especially for obscure illnesses Some people prefer the privacy of 'talking' to a computer rather than talking to a GP Gives the doctor more time to deal with other patients / saves overloading doctors in epidemic/pandemic / more time to deal with serious cases Can provide a second opinion It can help train young doctors in unfamiliar diseases. People can do an initial diagnosis from home saving them travel and time costs especially if in a rural area or have long waiting lists to see a GP, e.g. if you suspect your child has a rash you could quickly check the symptoms for meningitis. Over reliance on IT system / Loss of doctor expertise Cost to buy and set up the system Some people do not like to talk to a computer People can convince themselves that they are worse than they from misusing the online version Lacks the 'human touch' – lack of personal contact Dependent upon the correct information being given. If data or rules wrong the wrong advice could be given. / GIGO Expert systems have no "common sense". They have no understanding of what they are for, nor of what the limits of their applicability are, nor of how their recommendations fit into a larger context. If MYCIN were told that a patient who has received a gunshot wound is bleeding to death, the program would attempt to diagnose a bacterial cause for the patient's symptoms. Expert systems can make absurd errors, such as prescribing an obviously incorrect dosage of a drug for a patient whose weight and age are accidentally swapped by the clerk.

Body Scanners MRI: provide a tremendous level of detail on tissue information, i.e. very good for detecting brain tumours. CAT: produces a complete 3D model of a patient’s bones and internal organs. Advantages: Allows (accurate) diagnosis without the need for surgery Leads to faster recovery Removes the danger of post operative infections. Surgeon better prepared as knows what he is going to find before cutting open the body Disadvantages: Expensive to purchase or to run Can be claustrophobic Could result in the loss of traditional diagnostic skills Have to keep still for long periods in MRI Health risks – increased risk of cancer Patients with pacemakers and metallic limbs cannot go through scanners Need for expert training / interpretation Postcode lottery.

Blood Tracking MRI: provide a tremendous level of detail on tissue information, i.e. very good for detecting brain tumours. CAT: produces a complete 3D model of a patient’s bones and internal organs. Advantages: Blood bar coding allows the tracking of blood from its donation to its use. Bracelet with a barcode worn by patient is matched with bar code on the blood bag / donor. Can track a patient / donor if given bad blood (CJD, hepatitis, cross contamination). Better stock control of the blood. Makes sure patient gets the right type. Disadvantages: Damaged bar codes can cause delays Sensors used in ITU units such as temperature, blood pressure, central venous pressure, etc., (No more than 1 mark for naming 2 sensors).

Sensors MRI: provide a tremendous level of detail on tissue information, i.e. very good for detecting brain tumours. CAT: produces a complete 3D model of a patient’s bones and internal organs. Advantages: Allows 24/7 monitoring Alarms sounding Frees up staff Accurate reading / recording Spotting trends in patient symptoms Allows remote monitoring of patients New born babies and wristbands to prevent being taken from the ward. Disadvantages: Calibration needed to check accuracy.

Blood Tracking-EXAM QUESTION (b) Patient care has been greatly improved by the use of ICT in hospitals. Discuss, using examples, how blood tracking, body scanning and sensors are used in patient care. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages each of these methodologies has brought to patient care. [10] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= Must have a methodology mark and an advantage or disadvantage on body scanning, blood tracking, sensors in patient care (not doors) with examples to get full marks. MRI: provide a tremendous level of detail on tissue information, i.e. very good for detecting brain tumours. CAT: produces a complete 3D model of a patient’s bones and internal organs. AdvantagesDisadvantages Body Scanning Allows (accurate) diagnosis without the need for surgery Leads to faster recovery Removes the danger of post operative infections. Surgeon better prepared as knows what he is going to find before cutting open the body Expensive to purchase or to run Can be claustrophobic Could result in the loss of traditional diagnostic skills Have to keep still for long periods in MRI Health risks – increased risk of cancer Patients with pacemakers and metallic limbs cannot go through scanners Need for expert training / interpretation Postcode lottery. Blood Tracking Blood bar coding allows the tracking of blood from its donation to its use. Bracelet with a barcode worn by patient is matched with bar code on the blood bag / donor. Can track a patient / donor if given bad blood (CJD, hepatitis, cross contamination). Better stock control of the blood. Makes sure patient gets the right type. Damaged bar codes can cause delays Sensors used in ITU units such as temperature, blood pressure, central venous pressure, etc., (No more than 1 mark for naming 2 sensors). Sensors Allows 24/7 monitoring Alarms sounding Frees up staff Accurate reading / recording Spotting trends in patient symptoms Allows remote monitoring of patients New born babies and wristbands to prevent being taken from the ward. Calibration needed to check accuracy. NO GENERAL DISADVANTAGES e.g. power cuts

Body Scanners MRI: provide a tremendous level of detail on tissue information, i.e. very good for detecting brain tumours. CAT: produces a complete 3D model of a patient’s bones and internal organs. Advantages: Allows (accurate) diagnosis without the need for surgery Leads to faster recovery Removes the danger of post operative infections. Surgeon better prepared as knows what he is going to find before cutting open the body Disadvantages: Expensive to purchase or to run Can be claustrophobic Could result in the loss of traditional diagnostic skills Have to keep still for long periods in MRI Health risks – increased risk of cancer Patients with pacemakers and metallic limbs cannot go through scanners Need for expert training / interpretation Postcode lottery.

Blood Tracking MRI: provide a tremendous level of detail on tissue information, i.e. very good for detecting brain tumours. CAT: produces a complete 3D model of a patient’s bones and internal organs. Advantages: Blood bar coding allows the tracking of blood from its donation to its use. Bracelet with a barcode worn by patient is matched with bar code on the blood bag / donor. Can track a patient / donor if given bad blood (CJD, hepatitis, cross contamination). Better stock control of the blood. Makes sure patient gets the right type. Disadvantages: Damaged bar codes can cause delays Sensors used in ITU units such as temperature, blood pressure, central venous pressure, etc., (No more than 1 mark for naming 2 sensors).

Sensors MRI: provide a tremendous level of detail on tissue information, i.e. very good for detecting brain tumours. CAT: produces a complete 3D model of a patient’s bones and internal organs. Advantages: Allows 24/7 monitoring Alarms sounding Frees up staff Accurate reading / recording Spotting trends in patient symptoms Allows remote monitoring of patients New born babies and wristbands to prevent being taken from the ward. Disadvantages: Calibration needed to check accuracy.

Uses of IT with the Home

ICT with in the home

ICT with in the home- EXAM QUESTION 6. Describe three ways in which ICT is having an effect on home entertainment and leisure, giving distinctly different example in each case. [6] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 5. Any four from ( have to have at least one of each for full marks) Answers must be in context of workplace AdvantagesDisadvantages Messages can be sent across the world for the price of a local phone call. / if got a system cheaper than posting You can send not only simple text messages but also attached files. Documents and attachments are editable. You can (use an address book to) send the same message to several different people for the same cost as one call / at the same time Don’t have to leave the house to send the information (teleworking) / disabled use. Environmentally friendly / paperless office. Global accessibility / Can pick it up anywhere (if qualified.) Can store a copy to have an audit trail / can keep backups Easier to find a stored email than a filed letter. Gives a wider audience for advertising. You are reliant on the recipient having an email account / Users need to be computer literate.(NOT Need an internet connection) There are security and privacy issues. Confidential mail is travelling across a very public network. E-mail attachments have proved to be a security ‘Achilles heel’, providing an entry point for destructive viruses Junk email can clog your system Distract from work Damage done by email scams / phishing Inappropriate use of email e.g. bullying, unsuitable content Security could be given either as an advantage or disadvantage if well argued but do not accept reverse argument for second mark

Home Entertainment-EXAM QUESTION 8. ICT has had a huge impact on home entertainment. Describe, using distinctly different examples, four developments and the benefits that these have brought to home entertainment. [12] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME=. Answers have to cover 4 developments to get full marks. (One mark for naming the item, 2nd mark for further amplification and the third mark for the benefit) MP3 player – allowing people to listen to a choice of thousands of tracks on a small portableplayer, which means that they can listen to their favourite music wherever they are. Music downloads – allows the user to select the particular track that they want rather than awhole CD which saves them money, which they can target at more of what they want. T.V. / Radio downloads Digital photography – allows the user to get better at taking thousands of photos and onlyhave to print out the best ones. Saves money and allows them to improve. Interactive TV – gives the user far more choice over what they watch by controlling thechannels and because they can transmit information they can shop, check email, book holidays and bet, etc. Chat rooms / social networking Mobile phones Betting Dating Games (playing) Editing digital images Online shopping/booking Voting Home cinema / bluray / dvd / speaker systems / surround sound Streaming movies / Streaming T.V. / Movies on demand / Sport on demand Internet telephony/ Voip (not skype) 3D T.V. Creating music Digital radio

Home Entertainment-EXAM QUESTION (b) Discuss different disadvantages in using ICT for home entertainment. [6] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME=. Up to 2 marks for disadvantage and further amplification/example/consequence Addiction to computer games – can affect schoolwork Addiction to gambling can lead to debt Sedentary nature – people sitting at their computers all day and not getting any exercise and having an effect on their health and leading to obesity Health problems – incorrect posture can lead to backache, using joysticks repeatedly can lead to RSI Chat rooms – young children could be groomed to meet undesirable people Inappropriate material – it is very easy for young children to come across material such as hard pornography which could harm them Closure of cinemas / video shops, etc – no need to go out to watch a film when you can watch it in your own home Cyber bullying – Children could be depressed. Spending too much time at a computer distracts you from working Downloading of viruses – Could make computer unusable. Downloading copyrighted music and depriving performers of payment Social isolation. Consequence might come first.

Home Entertainment-EXAM QUESTION 8. Developments in the use of ICT have had an impact on home entertainment. (a) Describe using distinctly different examples, four uses of ICT for home entertainment and for each discuss an advantage and a disadvantage. Do not write about health concerns in your answer. [12] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME=.

Home Entertainment-EXAM QUESTION (b) Describe two health concerns associated with the use of ICT in home entertainment. [6] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME=. 1 mark actual concern. 1 mark cause. 1 mark example / extension (x2)

Information Systems

Word Processing/DTP Template- Pre-prepared page / layout with pictures, words which are going to be reused [1] e.g. Letterhead with company information and logo (common info or set layout), must be clear that a template has been used [1] Stored master document with a pre-defined layout (or implication) which can be used as a basis for other documents, e.g. pre-defined letter for sending information to customers. Invoices / tenancy agreements / contracts / other documents related to a company. NOT Letter headed notepaper Macros- A stored list of instructions which is used to automate a task, code, program Storing a sequence of keystrokes and menu choices which can be repeated by running the macro. A small program to perform a repetitive task and which can be created and stored for later use by a user. Letterhead with company info and logo (common info or set layout) e.g. unused template, must be clear that a template has been used. [1] Adding a manager’s signature to a letter [1]. Could be used to call up a particular template and automatically position the cursor where data has to be entered [1]. Mail Merge- Incorporating data automatically from a store into an outline document. [1] (Linked to fields, implied automatic) e.g. Creating a set of letters informing shareholders of the annual general meeting. [1] (Letter must have a real purpose) Indexing- Allows words to be highlighted so that they can be used to form an index. The word-processing software keeps a record of the words along with their page number and, when instructed to will create an index. Thesaurus- Allows a word to be chosen and the word processor will list synonyms e.g. words with a similar meaning. This is useful in creative writing where you do not want to repeat a word. Spell Checker- Word-processing software has a dictionary against which all words are typed in and checked. There is usually the facility to add words, which is important if you use specialist terms. Grammar Check- Used to check the grammar in a sentence and highlight problems and suggest alternatives.

Word Processing/DTP-EXAM QUESTION 4. A company uses word processing/DTP software. Define each of the following functions of word processing/DTP software. Give an appropriate example of how each can be used by the company. [6] (a) Templates (b) Macros (c) Mail merge. ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 4. (a) Pre-prepared page / layout with pictures, words which are going to be reused [1] e.g. Letterhead with company information and logo (common info or set layout), must be clear that a template has been used [1] Stored master document with a pre-defined layout (or implication) which can be used as a basis for other documents, e.g. pre-defined letter for sending information to customers. Invoices / tenancy agreements / contracts / other documents related to a company. NOT Letter headed notepaper 4. (b) Any of: A stored list of instructions which is used to automate a task, code, program Storing a sequence of keystrokes and menu choices which can be repeated by running the macro. A small program to perform a repetitive task and which can be created and stored for later use by a user. Example (or similar) Letterhead with company info and logo (common info or set layout) e.g. unused template, must be clear that a template has been used. [1] Adding a manager’s signature to a letter [1]. Could be used to call up a particular template and automatically position the cursor where data has to be entered [1]. 4. (c) Incorporating data automatically from a store into an outline document. [1] (Linked to fields, implied automatic) e.g. Creating a set of letters informing shareholders of the annual general meeting. [1] (Letter must have a real purpose)

Word Processing/DTP-EXAM QUESTION 5. Schools are making an increasing use of word processing and DTP software to help with their administration. Some of the functions of the programs are mentioned below. State the purpose of each function and give an appropriate example of its use in a school. (a) Mail merge [2] (b) Template [2] (c) Macro [2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 5(a) Incorporating data automatically from a store into an outline document. [1] (Linked to fields, implied automatic) e.g. Creating a set of letters informing parents of a parents meeting. [1] (Letter must have a real purpose) 5(b) Pre-prepared page/layout with pictures, words which are going to be reused [1] e.g. Letterhead with school info and logo (common info or set layout) e.g. unused template, must be clear that a template has been used. [1] 5(c) A macro is a stored list of instructions (which is used to automate a task, code, program) [1] e.g. Adding a teacher’s signature to a letter [1]

Web Authoring Software A Hyperlink is: An area of a web page usually a section of text or an image, that contains a link to another location on the Web. OR A connection to another related page, when activated sends a request for another web page (Or object) to be downloaded. A Frame is a section of a web page in which semi- independent activities can take place. Suitable example e.g. an area with a menu or group of links. HTML: Hyper Text Mark UP Language- is a series of instructions used to format and display text and images on the World Wide Web.

Hyperlinks, Frame, HTML-EXAM QUESTION 4. (a) Web pages are now being produced by lots of people at home. Explain the following terms in relation to web authoring, giving suitable examples in each case: (i) Hyperlinks, (ii) Frame. [4] (b) Discuss the benefits of using HTML to design web pages. [2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 4. (a) A Hyperlink is: An area of a web page usually a section of text or an image, that contains a link to another location on the Web. OR A connection to another related page, when activated sends a request for another web page (Or object) to be downloaded. (1) Any suitable example (1) A Frame is a section of a web page in which semi-independent activities can take place. (1) Suitable example e.g. an area with a menu or group of links. (1) 4 (b) Any two of: Can place graphics more accurately Can have more control over the layout / allows better customisation Likely to take up less memory / less demanding on the system Loads faster than using a template Compatibility - enables to be displayed on a number of different platforms

Presentation Software Animated transition -This is when you give an entry effect (such as fading) when you move from one slide to another. In a tutorial, this could be used to keep the pupil interested / help with the learning process / fun to watch. Templates- Are prewritten / master slides with design and some basic information already included and it saves you having to create from scratch. This could be the corporate identity making it look more professional In a tutorial these could contain a layout with the software’s colour scheme and logo already placed to simplify the learning process. Hyperlinks -These are objects/text which when clicked upon take you to another file, image, or a different part of your current presentation. Could be used in the tutorial by clicking on an object/text to take them to an online demonstration of some feature.

Presentation Software- Advantages The use of Presentation Software makes the presenter look more professional. It encourages the presenter to summarise what they are saying in a number of bullet points. The presenter can print out the slides so that the audience can have a copy. The presenter is able to mae use of full multimedia capability in their presentation. Presentations can be stored and transferred to people who were unable to attend the presentation. Presentations can be shown using a projector.

Presentation Software- Disadvantages The files containing any videos or large amounts of images can be extremely large and need a lot of memory and storage. The audience can get board seeing all of the special effects that people tend to use. Good presentations may take a long time to set up. Sometimes people concentrate more time on presenting information than they do gathering the information in the first place. This may mean information is inaccurate. Sometimes sound effects and animation may annoy the audience.

Presenting Software-EXAM QUESTION 4. Presentation software is used to create tutorials for pupils to learn about new software. Describe the following features and explain how each benefits the presentation. (i) Animated transitions, [2] (ii) Templates, [2] (iii) Hyperlinks. [2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 4.1 mark in each part for description of feature and 1 mark for benefit (i) Animated transition This is when you give an entry effect (such as fading) when you move from one slide to another. In a tutorial, this could be used to keep the pupil interested / help with the learning process / fun to watch (ii) Templates Are prewritten / master slides with design and some basic information already included and it saves you having to create from scratch. This could be the corporate identity making it look more professional In a tutorial these could contain a layout with the software’s colour scheme and logo already placed to simplify the learning process. (iii) Hyperlinks These are objects/text which when clicked upon take you to another file, image, or a different part of your current presentation. (1 mark) Could be used in the tutorial by clicking on an object/text to take them to an online demonstration of some feature. (2 marks)

Database What is a relational Database? A database where the data is held in tables with relationships established between them. The software is used to set up and hold the data as well as extract and manipulate the sorted data. Why relational Database over a flat file? Data may be combined more flexibly No data duplication (Saves memory space if qualified) Data integrity is maintained Easier to search for specific information as relational databases have better built in facilities Data is more consistent Include their own programming language Greater security because of hierarchy of access levels.

Database Query- A query is when you interrogate (search/sort/filter) a database to find some information. Example A search to find all the ‘U’ category films because a parent wants a suitable film for a children’s party. Report – The output from a database in which the results are presented in a way that is controlled by the user. (formatted i.e. tables/graphs/grouping/statistical summary/results of searches) Example Producing (formatted) lists of customers indicating what their main preferences are / top ten films / new releases Import/export – The ability of a piece of software to read and use the data produced by a different piece of software. Transferring data/information from one piece of software/application to another. Example Exporting names and addresses into a word processing program to produce overdue reminder letters.

Database- EXAM QUESTION 4. A DVD hire business makes use of database software. Define each of the following functions of the software and give an appropriate example of how each could be used by the business. (a) Query [2](b) Report [2](c) Import/export [2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 4 (a) Definition A query is when you interrogate (search/sort/filter) a database to find some information. Example A search to find all the ‘U’ category films because a parent wants a suitable film for a children’s party. Examples need to indicate what looking for and why to show whether the query is appropriate. 4 (b) Definition Report – The output from a database in which the results are presented in a way that is controlled by the user. (formatted i.e. tables/graphs/grouping/statistical summary/results of searches) NOT ‘It is a printout’ Example Producing (formatted) lists of customers indicating what their main preferences are / top ten films / new releases A mark for the example can be given if the definition is wrong but their answer involves formatting. 4 (c) Definition Import/export – The ability of a piece of software to read and use the data produced by a different piece of software. Transferring data/information from one piece of software/application to another. Example Exporting names and addresses into a word processing program to produce overdue reminder letters.

Presenting Software-EXAM QUESTION (b) Give two reasons why relational databases are used rather than flat files. [2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 4.(b) Any 2 from: Data may be combined more flexibly No data duplication (Saves memory space if qualified) Data integrity is maintained Easier to search for specific information as relational databases have better built in facilities Data is more consistent Include their own programming language Greater security because of hierarchy of access levels.

Networks

Basic Elements of an ICT network Communication Devices Networking Software Data Transfer Media Standards and procedures

Basic Elements of an ICT network Communication Devices- These are the pieces of hardware that are needed to turn a stand alone computer into networked computers Networking Software- This will tell the connected devices how to communicate with each other. Data Transfer- This is the material through which data travels from one computer to another in a network. For small, simple networks this is usually a wire, but many networks are now implemented wirelessly. The main forms of data transfer media are: Metal Wires, Fibre Optic Cable, Wireless. Media Standards and procedures- They are important because with out them, one device could be sending data to another device in a form that the other device does not understand.

LAN- Local Area Network Confined to a single building or site. Ownership of communications equipment- the organisation actually own the communication equipment

WAN- Wide Area Network Hardware is spread over a wide geographical area- Could be spread across a number of buildings. Third party communications equipment is often used

Intranets, Extranets Intranets- A private internet OR a closed / private network only accessible within the organisation – Allows consultants to access privileged information from home. – Allows users access to information which non medical staff cannot have – Allows additional security to information as stays inside the hospital / health trust. – Allows doctors to see X-rays / patient information at the bedside Extranet- Private / closed internet / an internet inside an organisation

The Internet- Advantages More methods of cheap communications, such as email, text messaging, chat rooms, video conferencing, webcam services etc. Video such as TV Programmes, Music Videos, Instructional Videos, user-produced video e.g. you tube. Can listen to the radio. Can send and receive files. The ability to run/download educational games and programs. Can communicate with people all around the world.

The Internet- Disadvantages Can access inappropriate material. Children can form friendship with strangers and can often be dangerous as a result stranger may be a paedophile. Cyberbullying. Advertising can be very full on. Privacy is eroded or lost. Gambling addictions may arise. May be inaccurate or incorrect information.

Networks -EXAM QUESTION 6. Hospitals make use of computer networks. (a) Other than sharing peripherals and email, describe three benefits that using a computer network gives the hospital network manager. [3] (b) A hospital uses an Intranet. Define the term Intranet and describe one advantage to the hospital of having an Intranet. [2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 6. (a) This question asks for benefits the network gives the network manager Any three from: The hospital’s IT manager can monitor what work staff are doing from a central point. IT manager can install software from a central point without going around each machine. (not just install software) Backups can be done centrally User security policies can be centrally administered Can send Pop up messages with important information about down time He can ensure that all anti-virus software is kept up-to-date Remote management of stations (a good answer could gain three marks for three distinct points) Sharing data is wrong as the question is about the network manager 6 (b) A private internet OR a closed / private network only accessible within the organisation Any 1 from Allows consultants to access privileged information from home. Allows users access to information which non medical staff cannot have Allows additional security to information as stays inside the hospital / health trust. Allows doctors to see X-rays / patient information at the bedside NOT GP accessing it (extranet)

Networks-EXAM QUESTION 3. A large firm has installed a network. (a) Other than sharing peripherals and email, describe three benefits that networking would give the firm. [3] (b) The firm also installs an Intranet. Define what is meant by the term Intranet. [1] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 3 (a) Any three descriptions from: Remote management e.g. fix some hardware software problems remotely, e.g. clear printer queues. (a good answer could gain three marks for three distinct points) User management/monitoring e.g. Better monitoring (in real-time) of what all staff are using their systems for. Central auditing of transactions e.g. Auditing software keeps a record of who has logged on, when, how long, what programs and data were used and what was amended / being able to centrally audit all transactions simply. Central backup e.g. Easier to backup data by being able to do it from one central location. Central software installation e.g. Easier and quicker to install software as it can be done centrally and then shared out to all stations without physically going to each one. Greater security by having one program controlling all computer access. Central pool of data/documents e.g. All staff can access data from a central pool of data. Collaborative working e.g. Staff can work jointly on the same document at the same time. Condone description involving VPN NOT just shared data or access their work on any computer. NOT sharing hardware or email 3 (b) Private / closed internet / an internet inside an organisation

Email -EXAM QUESTION 5. Electronic mail has become essential to many companies because of the speed with which it can get messages around the globe. Other than speed, explain the advantages and disadvantages of using email. [4] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 5. Any four from ( have to have at least one of each for full marks) Answers must be in context of workplace Advantages Messages can be sent across the world for the price of a local phone call. / if got a system cheaper than posting You can send not only simple text messages but also attached files. Documents and attachments are editable. You can (use an address book to) send the same message to several different people for the same cost as one call / at the same time Don’t have to leave the house to send the information (teleworking) / disabled use. Environmentally friendly / paperless office. Global accessibility / Can pick it up anywhere (if qualified.) Can store a copy to have an audit trail / can keep backups Easier to find a stored email than a filed letter. Gives a wider audience for advertising. Disadvantages You are reliant on the recipient having an email account / Users need to be computer literate.(NOT Need an internet connection) There are security and privacy issues. Confidential mail is travelling across a very public network. E-mail attachments have proved to be a security ‘Achilles heel’, providing an entry point for destructive viruses Junk email can clog your system Distract from work Damage done by email scams / phishing Inappropriate use of email e.g. bullying, unsuitable content Security could be given either as an advantage or disadvantage if well argued but do not accept reverse argument for second mark

Human Computer Interface

Features of a HCI Use of appropriate input methods. Use of colour. Consistency. Use of pictures/icons. Use of Text. Sound

GUI- Graphical User Interface Instead of entering commands you enter them by pointing and clicking. WIMP – W- Windows- The screen is divided into areas called windows. – I- Icons- These are small pictures use to represent commands, files or Windows. – M- Menus- Menus allow a user to make selections from a list. They can be pop up or pull down and means that they do not clutter the desktop. – P- Pointers- This is the little arrow that appears when using windows. This allows you to click on various different options.

GUI- Graphical User Interface For a primary school child using a maths program. Setting up a profile on a games console Customising a desktop/ application Advantages: It makes the operation of the computer as friendly as possible by using high resolution graphics and pointers. Making it as intuitive for a user as possible. Instead of typing in commands you enter them by pointing and clicking. Fun to use. Colourful. Easy to use as do not need to know commands. Easier to customise backgrounds fonts. Intuitive etc

GUI- Graphical User Interface For a primary school child using a maths program. Setting up a profile on a games console Customising a desktop/ application Disadvantages: More memory is needed- Sophisticated GUI’s have large memory requirements so older computers may need upgrading or new computers bought. Increased processing requirements- Faster and Powerful processors are needed to run the latest GUI’s. This could involve upgrading the processor or buying new computers.

Interfaces Menu Driven Interfaces- A user is presented with a list of options and they type in the letter of their selection: – Advantages- A simple User Interface which is very easy to use. – Disadvantages- Only suitable when there are a few options to select from on the menu. Form Driven Interfaces- The are used to collect information from a user in a step-by-step manner. This information is supplied through typing it into a form. Natural Languages Interfaces- This allows a user to interact using natural written or spoken language. – Advantages- Easy to use as it uses words we are all familiar with and can remember. – Disadvantages- Natural Language is ambiguous at times so it is necessary to restrict the language to certain words.

Voice Interfaces Uses: In-car navigation systems - not brand name – e.g. to plan route. Security systems – e.g. to allow entry. Control systems – e.g. to control lights in a room. Telephone ordering system/appointment systems. Mobile phones – e.g. to dial the phone number of a friend. Doctors can use them to dictate notes directly into a computer. Student dictating an essay directly into word processing software. Advantage: Quicker than typing Allows people to enter text directly into a computer without using a keyboard Can perform complicated tasks by dictation. Can empower disabled. Uniqueness of voice print/cannot be used by others Safer when driving as hands free doesn’t distract Disadvantage: Problems with regional accents / foreign words Similar words (homonyms) may be confused (e.g. to, too, two) Have to speak slowly Interference from background noise Colds, etc., affecting voice Need time to train the system Differentiating homonyms – their and there, to, two and too, etc.

Touch Sensitive Screens Uses: In museums to allow children to gather information / in shops to enter info at POS / mobile phones to dial or display information / buying tickets at railway stations Advantage: Saves having to type, quicker to enter information/fixed list of options Empowering for disabled people to …, no need for mouse and keyboard, Used in hostile environments because keyboards can get sticky. Frees staff to complete other jobs. Disadvantage: Might not have all the options needed. Dirty/damaged screen/ wet fingers Screen requires recalibration.

Touch Sensitive Screens Use: e.g. Expert using it to find information on network/system configuration Writing small batch files in DOS Advantage: Fast to execute (run) Don’t have to go through menu system/faster to enter commands (not type) Needs very little overheads (memory/processor) Disadvantage: Need to know the commands / need to spell commands correctly only experts are able to use them a lot of typing can be frustrating for inexperienced users if they don’t know the commands.

HCI -EXAM QUESTION 1. An ICT system needs a good Human Computer Interface (HCI). For each of the following HCI give an example of how it could be used and also one advantage and one disadvantage. (a) Voice interfaces. [3] (b) Touch sensitive screens. [3] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 1. (a) 1 mark for description of any suitable device/method and concrete use, 1 mark for advantage, 1 mark for disadvantage. Needs to be clear that candidates are describing a use of a device. Advantage and disadvantage must be relevant to use. Examples could be from speech recognition or speech synthesis e.g. Voice control in: In-car navigation systems - not brand name – e.g. to plan route. Security systems – e.g. to allow entry. Control systems – e.g. to control lights in a room. Telephone ordering system/appointment systems. Mobile phones – e.g. to dial the phone number of a friend. Doctors can use them to dictate notes directly into a computer. Student dictating an essay directly into word processing software. Advantage: Quicker than typing Allows people to enter text directly into a computer without using a keyboard Can perform complicated tasks by dictation. Can empower disabled. Uniqueness of voice print/cannot be used by others Safer when driving as hands free doesn’t distract Disadvantage: Problems with regional accents / foreign words Similar words (homonyms) may be confused (e.g. to, too, two) Have to speak slowly Interference from background noise Colds, etc., affecting voice Need time to train the system Differentiating homonyms – their and there, to, two and too, etc. NOT Can’t understand the voice NOT High cost of voice recognition equipment. 1. (b) 1 mark for description of any suitable device/method and concrete use, 1 mark for advantage, 1 mark for disadvantage. Needs to be clear that candidates are describing a use of a device. Advantage and disadvantage must be relevant to use. In museums to allow children to gather information / in shops to enter info at POS / mobile phones to dial or display information / buying tickets at railway stations … Advantage Saves having to type, quicker to enter information/fixed list of options Empowering for disabled people to …, no need for mouse and keyboard, Used in hostile environments because keyboards can get sticky. Frees staff to complete other jobs. Disadvantage Might not have all the options needed. Dirty/damaged screen/ wet fingers Screen requires recalibration. NOT Interactive whiteboards

HCI-EXAM QUESTION 1. Several types of Human Computer Interfaces (HCIs) are used with computer systems. Each type of HCI provides specific benefits to the user. Describe a sensible different use and benefit, for each type of HCI listed below. (a) Biometric devices [2] (b) Touch-sensitive screens [2] (c) Graphical User Interface (GUI) [2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 1(a) 1 mark Description of use (Method and use) Any mix and match suitable combination e.g. retina scan / iris recognition to gain access to room, facial recognition at airports for identity purposes, thumbprints recognition to take out a library book / school registration systems / for security /instead of or as well as passports 1 mark Benefit Individual / difficult to copy / better security (but cannot get in both parts) Accuracy Can lose smart cards 1(b) 1 mark Description of use Any suitable use/device In museums to allow children to gather information / in shops to enter info at POS / mobile phones to dial or display information / buying tickets at train stations 1 mark Benefit Saves having to type, easier for disabled people to, no need for mouse and keyboard, quicker to enter information. Used in hostile environment because keyboards can get sticky 1(c) 1 mark Description of use (Must give specific use) For a primary school child using a maths program. Setting up a profile on a games console Customising a desktop/ application 1 mark for Benefit It makes the operation of the computer as friendly as possible by using high resolution graphics and pointers, making it as intuitive for a user as possible, instead of typing in commands you enter them by pointing and clicking. Fun to use / colourful / easy to use as do not need to know commands / easier to customise backgrounds fonts / intuitive etc

HCI -EXAM QUESTION 1. An ICT system needs a good Human Computer Interface (HCI). Describe an actual use, an advantage, and a disadvantage for each of the following HCI. (a) Biometric device [3] (b) Command Line [3] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 1 (a) One mark for each specific use, advantage and disadvantage Registration systems / for security / instead of or as well as passports e.g. retina scan / iris recognition to gain access to room, facial recognition at airports for identity purposes, thumbprint (or fingerprint) recognition to take out a library book / school / pay in canteen NOT finger scanning or eye scanning Advantage Individual / unique / difficult to copy / better security (but cannot get in both parts) More accurate because …. (valid reason) Can lose smart cards Don’t have to remember passwords Disadvantage Can be slow to use as only one can use at a time Equipment is very expensive to buy Potential for Misuse of biometric data: For example, biometric security that utilizes an employee's DNA profile could also be used to screen for various genetic diseases or other 'undesirable' traits Ethical issues about schools storing biometric data Cannot work properly if dirty 1 (b) One mark for each specific use, advantage and disadvantage Use: e.g. Expert using it to find information on network/system configuration Writing small batch files in DOS Advantage: Fast to execute (run) Don’t have to go through menu system/faster to enter commands (not type) Needs very little overheads (memory/processor) Disadvantage: Need to know the commands / need to spell commands correctly only experts are able to use them a lot of typing can be frustrating for inexperienced users if they don’t know the commands.

HCI -EXAM QUESTION 2. A user interface should allow a good dialogue between humans and computer systems. The task often determines which is the most suitable. For each of the following give an appropriate use, advantage and disadvantage: (a) Command line [3] (b) Speech recognition systems. [3] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 2. (a) One mark for each specific use, advantage and disadvantage Use: e.g. Expert using it to find information on network configuration Writing small batch files in DOS Advantage: Fast to execute (run) Don‟t have to go through menu system Needs very little overheads (memory / processor) Disadvantage: Need to know the commands only experts are able to use them a lot of typing can be frustrating for inexperienced users. 2. (b) Need to be clear that candidates are discussing input e.g. Voice control in car navigation systems - not brand name Security systems Control systems Telephone ordering system Mobile phone voice control Doctors can use them to dictate notes directly into a computer. Student dictating an essay directly into word processing software. Advantage: Quicker than typing Allows people to enter text directly into a computer without using a keyboard Can perform complicated tasks by dictation. Can empower disabled. Disadvantage: Need a powerful computer Problems with regional accents / foreign words Have to speak slowly Interference from background noise Colds, etc., affecting voice Need time to train the system Differentiating homonyms – their and there, to, two and too, etc. NOT Can‟t understand the voice

Social Issues

Malpractice Examples of Malpractice: Not keeping back up copies of work. Not logging off when away from desk. Wasting time surfing the net. Giving log on details to someone else. Downloading computer games on to the firms computer. Viewing inappropriate material. Using ICT facilities for unauthorised work.

Crime Examples of Crime: Hacking Identity theft Fraud Theft of hard ware Running unlicensed software Deliberately running and writing computer viruses Deliberate destruction of data Software piracy

Data Protection Act What is it? This act covers the misuse of personal data, whether by the use of ICT systems or not. This act gives the individual to find the information which is stored about them and check whether this data is correct. The data which this involves may include: – Medical History, Credit History, Qualifications, Religious Beliefs and Criminal Records. DPA - The DPA (1) makes companies who keep personal data keep the data secure (1) or they could be heavily fined (1) Onus on companies in DPA to register. 1.Currency of data. 2.Obtain data lawfully. 3.Used for given purpose.

Data Protection Act Eight Principles Fairly and Lawfully processed. Processed for limited purposes. Adequate, relevant and not excessive. Accurate. Not kept for longer than it is required. Processed in accordance with the data subjects’ rights. Secure. Not transferred to countries outside of the EU with out adequate protection.

Computer Misuse Act Wording of act is : 1. Unauthorised access to computer material. (hacking) 2. Unauthorised access with intent to commit or facilitate commission of further offences. (phishing/blackmail) 3. Unauthorised acts with intent to impair, or without intent Further Detail Crimes against the Misuse Act are backed up with fines and prison (differing scales). The Computer Misuse Act was introduced to make it illegal for people hacking into your computer by giving the hackers a fine (of £2000). The Act also made it illegal to use the information you see for blackmail purposes and you could get a further (£2000) fine and go to prison.

Computer Misuse Act Examples of breaking the Computer Misuse act: 1.Hacking into a person’s bank account to transfer money elsewhere. 2.Creating a virus which finds bank account details and transmits it to a third party. 3.Creating a virus which attacks bank computer so user cannot access account. 4.Phishing to get hold of username and password for their account to steal their identity.

Copyright Copying software / images / music with out permission. Running multiple copies of software not allowed by the licence. Sharing digital music illegally using peer-to-peer file sharing software. Selling pirate copies of software at car boot sales or on ebay.

Health Risks-EXAM QUESTION (b) Describe two health concerns associated with the use of ICT in home entertainment.[6] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME=

Legislation -EXAM QUESTION 5. People and organisations are very concerned about the increasing use of computers for criminal purposes. Discuss with reference to suitable examples how legislation covering the use of computers has been used to try and address these concerns. Your answer must include the names of the Acts you refer to. [6] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 5. Must name the Act Max 3 marks for each Act i.e. name (1) purpose (1) consequence (1). Cannot use the same consequence twice. To get the three marks must give at least one consequence. Can get marks for other Acts No more than two marks for naming Acts Data Protection Act, Copyright Act, Computer Misuse Act, Malicious Communication Act (Could mention Freedom of Information Act and Intellectual Property Rights). Misuse Act - Crimes against the Misuse Act are backed up with fines and prison (differing scales). The Computer Misuse Act (1) was introduced to make it illegal for people hacking into your computer (1) by giving the hackers a fine (of £2000). (1) / the Act also made it illegal to use the information you see for blackmail purposes (1) and you could get a further (£2000) fine and go to prison. (1) Identity theft Spreading viruses, etc Phishing DPA - The DPA (1) makes companies who keep personal data keep the data secure (1) or they could be heavily fined (1) Onus on companies in DPA to register. Currency of data. Obtain data lawfully. Used for given purpose. Copyright Act - copying software / images / music NOT Pornography, Cyberbullying, Paedophilia

Legislations-EXAM QUESTION 3. Name and describe two different crimes covered by the Computer Misuse Act. Use distinct examples in your answer. [4] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 3. 1 mark for description of crime and further mark for example x2. Do NOT award the same example twice. Hacking into a person’s computer account / internet banking account (1) to obtain confidential information about them / to allow them to steal money from them. (1) Creating / Spread a virus which finds bank account details (1) and transmits it to a third party. (1) Creating / Spread a virus which attacks bank computer (cyber attack) (1) so user cannot access account. (1) Phishing to get hold of username and password for their account (1) to steal their identity. (1) / to steal money from their account (Explanation of Phishing or Hacking could be another way of getting the mark) NOTE: Identity theft and blackmail are not crimes under the CMA itself but could be extensions, e.g. phishing in order to blackmail. A candidate can be credited for illustrating, very clearly, two distinct crimes using viruses/hacking. Wording of act is : 1. Unauthorised access to computer material. (hacking) 2. Unauthorised access with intent to commit or facilitate commission of further offences. (phishing/blackmail) 3. Unauthorised acts with intent to impair, or without intent

Legislation -EXAM QUESTION 7. Banks must protect their online systems from both deliberate crimes and accidental destruction of data. (a) The Computer Misuse Act was introduced to prevent various crimes. Describe using distinctly different examples in each case, how two of these crimes could affect the online bank accounts of home users. [4] (b) Describe how online bank account data can be protected from accidental loss or damage to data. [2] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 7.(a) Hacking into a person’s bank account (1) to transfer money elsewhere. (1) Creating a virus which finds bank account details (1) and transmits it to a third party. (1) Creating a virus which attacks bank computer (1) so user cannot access account. (1) Phishing to get hold of username and password for their account (1) to steal their identity. (1) (Explanation of Phishing or Hacking could be another way of getting part of the mark) NOTE: Identity theft is not a crime under the CMA in itself. NOT blackmail 7.(b) Either 1 mark for each point (max 2) OR 2 for a well developed answer. 1. Backups stored off site 2. Backups stored in a fireproof safe 3. Backup cycles / regular backups (grandfather, father, son) 4. Training in good practice 5. Use of write protection

Modelling

Functions What does it do? AverageThis finds the average number of numbers in a range of cells. MaximumThis displays the largest number in all cells selected. MinimumThis displays the smallest number in all of the cells. ModeThis displays the number which appears most frequently Rand BetweenThis would produce a number between a set range. Single IFThis is a logical function because it makes the decision to do based on the value which it is testing. Multiple IFThis will test for more than one condition to be met. RoundThis rounds a number to a number of digits that you specify.

Simulation Modelling 9. (a) Describe what is meant by simulation modelling. [1] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 9. (a) Use of a program to predict the behaviour of a real life system. OR Means using a computer and mathematical formulas to investigate /imitate real life situations. Answer should have software and at least one of real life / investigative (what if) Computer uses a mathematical formula implies use of software

Whether Forecasting 9. Simulation modelling is very important in weather forecasting. Describe how the models are created. Give one advantage and one disadvantage that simulation modelling has brought to weather forecasting. [4] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 9. 1 mark each for any two general points (max 2), 1 for advantage and 1 for disadvantage. Collect data Large number of measurements such as pressure, temperature, humidity, etc. Readings from all around the world from satellites, balloons, etc. Derive model From laws of physics. Models provide a set of equations to solve / Produce a set of equations (mathematical model) which are solved to predict weather twice a day. Test / compare Actual with observed. Create model / test the model. What ifs. Advantages Only takes 1 hour to produce a 6 day forecast. Can predict path of hurricanes, etc. Can help farmers plan work / Local councils plan / etc. Disadvantages 160 million equations to solve – cost of buying a supercomputer. Long range forecasts cannot be 100% accurate in predictions. Freak storm / unusual patterns difficult to predict.

Car Crash Simulation b) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using simulation modelling in car crash analysis. ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 9 (b) Must be at least one advantage and one disadvantage Advantages: 1.Cheaper as do not have to physically destroy cars 2.Safer as nobody is really hurt 3.Much more flexible 4.Can explore different scenarios more easily Disadvantages: 1.Model could oversimplify the situation and not be accurate enough 2.Bad data errors in formulas will spoil accuracy 3.No model is ever 100% accurate

Financial Forecasting (b) Describe a specific use of simulation modelling for financial forecasting, and give one advantage and one disadvantage for this use. [3] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 9(b) 1 for description, 1 for advantage and 1 for disadvantage Allows the government to predict what will happen if they changed some factors such as raising taxes, reducing interest rates, changing amount of public spending. Advantage Possible to experience a lot more situations Cheaper as not going to waste money on impossible actions It can save time as you can roll on the model to see what it is like after more than one year Disadvantage There will always be some difference between simulation and reality Accuracy of the rules and variables Some situations are hard to model.

Financial Forecasting (b) Describe a specific use of simulation modelling in financial forecasting and give two advantages for this use. ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 9 (b) One mark for description. One mark each for up to two advantages. Example of financial forecast model/investigation (1) e.g. 1.Allows the government to predict what will happen if they changed some factors such as raising taxes, reducing interest rates, changing amount of public spending 2.What will be the savings to the Government if they make half the number of civil servants redundant? 3.What will be the income to the government if they put a 1% fuel tax rise on petrol 4.How much will the extra payroll cost be if a company gives its workers a 3% rise in salary 5.Can see the effect of different situations on the stock market Advantage which must relate to use Possible to experience a lot more situations Cheaper as not going to waste money on impossible actions It can save time as you can roll on the model to see what it is like after more than one year It can give a government time to prepare for a financial crisis NB If candidate has seen the advantages as being to do with the general use of spreadsheets in the business context, then award one mark if their answer is detailed enough.

Spread Sheet 9. A building company uses a spreadsheet to calculate staff wages and also to give quotes for building projects to customers. Describe the benefits the company gets from using spreadsheet software for these two purposes. [4] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 9. Description of 4 benefits in context OR 2 marks for benefits in context and 2 for further explanation. Automatic recalculation (1) if data such as rate of pay changes (1) Can do what if calculations (1) on staffing or different materials/suppliers (1) Can draw graphs for reports(1) to highlight wages of different departments/compare monthly wage bill(1) Accurate calculation of wages/quotes (1) will increase efficiency/save time (1) Setting up templates (1) to work quotes out more quickly (1) Max 2 for ‘no context’ i.e. two from: ability to recalculate; can show graphically by producing various charts and graphs; accurate calculation, perform ‘what ifs’

Spread Sheet 9. A large stationery company would like to use computer software to give customers quotations for their stationery needs and to work out commission for their sales staff. Describe the benefits of using spreadsheet software for these tasks. [4] ANSWER- MARK SCHEME= 4 benefits OR 2 marks for benefits and 2 for further explanation. Ability to recalculate the quote (1) – if a customer adds or takes away items from the list, can automatically recalculate the cost. (1) Can perform „what if‟ models the cost of different qualities, items, etc. (1) Can show graphically by producing various charts and graphs of sales (1). Show comparison between different salesmen to foster competition (1). Accurate calculation of commission (1) – will increase efficiency and saves time by preventing sales staff from having query errors (1). Max 2 for „no context‟ i.e. two from: ability to recalculate; can show graphically by producing various charts and graphs; accurate calculation, perform „what ifs‟.

Data, Information and Knowledge. What is Data? Data consists of raw facts and figures CONDONE Raw facts or raw figures but do not accept has no meaning.

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Data, Information and Knowledge. What is Data? Data consists of raw facts and figures CONDONE Raw facts or raw figures but do not accept has no meaning.

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Presentation on theme: "Data, Information and Knowledge. What is Data? Data consists of raw facts and figures CONDONE Raw facts or raw figures but do not accept has no meaning."— Presentation transcript:

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