1. www.cranfield.ac.uk Dr Christopher Sansom FHEA Reader in Concentrating Solar Power Precision Engineering Institute Cranfield University, UK “Global CSP Laboratory” The UK Centre for Concentrating Solar Thermal Manufacturing Presentation for Energy Systems KTN October 28 th 2014

2. 2 Line FocusingPoint Focusing TroughFresnelTowerDish Large-scale technologies that also have the potential to incorporate thermal energy storage. Small-scale technology – no storage Solar Thermal Concentrating systems for: Electricity (energy) generation, Heating and cooling, Desalination, water purification, cooking, and Industrial process heat Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

3. www.eera-set.eu  50 plants  2305 MW in operation in 2014 Distribution of CSP plants in Spain (2014) CSP PLANTS IN SPAIN Trough plants with thermal storage (82%)

4. www.eera-set.eu 110 MW CRESCENT DUNES, 2013  Location: Tonopah, near Las Vegas (NV)  DNI: 2,685 kWh/m2/yr  Technology: Solar Reserve (EPC Sener)  Storage capacity: 10 hours (2-tank direct)  17,170 heliostats (62.4 m 2 area/unit).  Solar steam generator (inlet temp: 288 ºC; outlet temp: 565 ºC). Hybrid cooling PPA (Power Purchasing Agreement) tariff rate: 0.135 US$ per kWh

5. www.eera-set.eu CSP PLANTS IN THE MENA REGION 470 MW Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) plant at Ain-Ben- Mathar (Morocco) 100 MW Shams-1 at Abu Dhabi (2500 hectares and 500 M€ of investment)

6. www.eera-set.eu SOUTH AFRICA TROUGHS PLANTS  50 MW Bokpoort CSP Plant owned by ACWA Power  Technology: SENER parabolic trough  9,5 hours of two tanks indirect - molten salts thermal energy storage  Plant cost: EUR 300 Million  Growing interest of South African goverment to CSP technologies due to the perception of clear benefits over the local economy and employment

7. www.eera-set.eu INDIA TROUGH PLANTS India’s First commercial scale CSP power plant at Jaisalmer  50 MW Godawari Plant (without storage)  Godawari Green Energy Limited (GGEL) received the commissioning certificate from Rajasthan Renewal Energy Corporation Limited (end 2013)  Operational since May 2014  Trough technology: SKAL ET-150  Plant cost: USD 145 Million  Land area: 150 hectares

8. www.eera-set.eu FRESNEL PLANTS IN AUSTRALIA 13,3 MW Liddell Fresnel Plant (Australia)  Hybrid Coal-Fired + Linear Fresnel CSP Generation  Technology: AREVA / Novatec  Owner company: Macquarie Generation  In operation since 2010  Operating steam conditions: 270ºC / 55 bar  Total mirror surface ≈ 18,500 m 2

9. www.eera-set.eu  Plant cost: USD 2,200 Million. Technology: Brightsource. Operational since 2013  392 MW Gross. 1x116 MWe + 2x133 MWe turbines. No thermal storage (gas back-up)  173,500 heliostats (15 m 2 area). 2.6 million m 2 reflecting area.  Solar steam generator (inlet temp.: 250 ºC; outlet temp.: 565 ºC). Dry cooling 392 MW IVANPAH SOLAR FACILITY World’s largest Solar-Thermal power plant (2013) Primm, San Bernardino, CA DNI: 2,717 kWh/m2/yr

10. www.eera-set.eu THERMAL STORAGE PLANT CONCEPT Introduction of thermal storage based on salts

11. www.eera-set.eu MOLTEN SALTS THERMAL STORAGE  Storage Type: 2-tank indirect. Solar field provides energy to power block and storage system; when no solar radiation is available, the storage system is the source of thermal energy  Storage Capacity: 7.5 hours @ 50 MW. 1,010 MWh.  Thermal Storage Description: 28,500 tons of molten salt. 60% sodium nitrate, 40% potassium nitrate.  Tanks size: 14 m high, 36 m diameter.  Cold tank temperature: 292 ºC  Hot tank temperature: 386 ºC

12. Cost of CSP Energy

13. Global CSP Laboratory – the UK Centre for Concentrating Solar Power Manufacturing …The only UK academic research team dedicated to CSP/CST

14. CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES ENERGETICAS, MEDIOAMBIENTALES Y TECNOLOGICAS-CIEMAT - DEUTSCHES ZENTRUM FUER LUFT - UND RAUMFAHRT EV - PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUT - CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE - FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FOERDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V - AGENZIA NAZIONALE PER LE NUOVE TECNOLOGIE, L'ENERGIA E LO SVILUPPO ECONOMICO SOSTENIBILE - EIDGENOESSISCHE TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE ZURICH - COMMISSARIAT A L ENERGIE ATOMIQUE ET AUX ENERGIES ALTERNATIVES - THE CYPRUSÂ INSTITUTE LIMITED - LABORATORIO NACIONAL DE ENERGIA E GEOLOGIA I.P. - FUNDACION CENTRO TECNOLOGICO AVANZADO DE ENERGIAS RENOVABLES DE ANDALUCIA - CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE - FUNDACION CENER-CIEMAT - FUNDACION TECNALIA RESEARCH INNOVATION - UNIVERSIDADE DE EVORA - FUNDACION IMDEA ENERGIA - CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY - FUNDACION TEKNIKER - UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO - CENTRO DI RICERCA, SVILUPPO E STUDI SUPERIORI IN SARDEGNA - INESC ID - INSTITUTO DE ENGENHARIADE SISTEMAS E COMPUTADORES, INVESTIGACAO E DESENVOLVIMENTO EM LISBOA ASSOCIACAO - ASSOCIACAO DO INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO PARA A INVESTIGACAO E DESENVOLVIMENTO - SENER INGENIERIA Y SISTEMAS S.A. - HSE HITIT SOLAR ENERJI AS - ACCIONA ENERGIA S.A. - SCHOTT SOLAR CSP GMBH - ARCHIMEDE SOLAR ENERGY SRL - EUROPEANÂ SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRICITY ASSOCIATION - ABENGOA SOLAR NEW TECHNOLOGIES SA - KING SAUD UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO - STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY - CENTRE FOR SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH AND STUDIES - COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANISATION - FUNDACAO DE APOIO A UNIVERSIDADE DE SAO PAULO - INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES - UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE - UNIVERSITE CADI AYYAD - FONDAZIONE BRUNO KESSLER STAGE-STE - Scientific and Technological Alliance for Guaranteeing the European Excellence in Concentrating Solar Thermal Energy

15. Potential impact of UK CSP activities UK Impact – Growth of UK CSP component supply and plant construction businesses, creating employment and exports, cross-over innovation to UK solar PV and solar thermal businesses EU Impact - UK research to support EERA and the SET plan, increase in collaborative research in RE, additional facet to UK RE research and technology policy Global Impact - Large scale CSP plants for electrical power generation in the solar belt, desalination, heating and cooling, medium scale CSP for industrial process heat and thermal storage, small scale off-grid CSP for domestic cooking and water purification in sub-Saharan Africa, Pakistan, and other developing nations with a high solar resource

16. “MATS” FP7 EU project Started July 2011 5MW t (1MW e ) CSP Power Plant: Cranfield University involvement Technology Schematic Solar Field schematic

17. Solar Rate Hourly pick1 409W/m 2 Yearly total2 308kWh/m 2 Solar Collectors Unit Length100m Unit Area540m2m2 Optical Efficiency75% Thermal Efficiency83% Solar Field No Collectors18 Total Collector Length1800m Total Collector Area9 720m2m2 Site Area22 000m2m2 Annual Production Electric Energy3 010MWh Thermal Energy8 900MWh Electric Power1,0MW el Outlet Thermal Power4,0MW th Inlet Thermal Power5,7MW th Desalting Unit TypeMED Capacity250m 3 per day “MATS” demo scale parabolic trough array project – specifications and targets

18. “MATS” Site selected – Borg-El-Arab (Egypt)

19. CSP FP7 Project – design and build of a receiver tube and absorber tube coating system (with 4m capability) Design properties of the innovative receiver: (transmittance >96%, absorptance >95%, emittance 250°C <7%). Low-cost, high throughput Manufacturing of receivers Regional breakdown of solar thermal potential for process heat in industry (UNIDO) This corresponds to 1000 500kW plants across Africa and 5000 500kWplants across Latin America in 2050

20. CSP FP7 Project – design and build of a receiver tube and absorber tube coating system (with 4m capability) Concept Design Using a capability for design and fabrication of large machines for large optics applications

21. Photogrammetry form results Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Characterization of CSP collector surfaces - Ronda mirror segment (ENEA)

22. Photogrammetry form results Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Ronda mirror segment (ENEA) – PRIOR TO ADJUSTMENT Combined form error map (mm) Combined surface error map with form removed Form adjustment screws

23. Photogrammetry form results Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Characterization of CSP collector surfaces - Flabeg (CIEMAT-PSA)

24. On-site Evaluation (1) King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (Parabolic Trough)

25. On-site Evaluation (3) ~50mm Linear Fresnel configuration solar cooker - Pakistan LF focus on receiver tube, showing misalignment of some collectors strips

26. Sand particle erosion of glass Sand-induced visual damage of glass Glass reflectance after sand erosion Damage occurs at particle speeds of ≥ 17m/sec Corresponding reduction in reflectance It has also been shown that sand of 2.5 – 10.0μm diameter becomes airborne in gusts of 15-17 m/sec From our measurements in Egypt we know that the average wind speed during storms is 9.5 m/sec and gusts reached 15-20 m/sec. …particles moving at peak sandstorm speeds will cause surface damage to glass

27. Contact Cleaning - simulation FANUC Robot M-710i Rotary head (300 rpm) Brush unit (ASTM 2486 standard) Wash cycles 400, linear speed 285mm/min

28. Non-contact Cleaning simulation Kärcher K2.36 water jet washer Input power 1400W Water flow 360L/hr Washer nozzle 200mm from sample Cleaning in raster pattern

29. Cranfield University – International presence in CSP Collaborative research: Italy, France, Germany, Egypt, Libya Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Pakistan International events CSP short-course 2015 EERA-CSP Only UK representative Consultant to Carbon Trust on CSP DECC/DFID advisor on CSP for Sub-Saharan Africa and South America Future work planned with USA, Greece, Spain

30. Dr Christopher Sansom FHEA Reader in Concentrating Solar Power Precision Engineering Institute School of Aerospace, Transport, and Manufacturing Cranfield University Cranfield, MK43 0AL, England, UK Tel: +44 (0)1234 752955 email: C.L.Sansom@cranfield.ac.ukC.L.Sansom@cranfield.ac.uk www.cranfield.ac.uk Contact: Thank you for your attention FRESH NRG