1. Al CuO Nitrocellulose+e thanol solvent Nitrocellulose+et hanol drop + - + + + + + + Taylor Cone + electrospray mixing Conventional mixing Electrospray Nanoenergetics – top-down nanoenergetics assemble Electrospray Energetic Material Processing Zachariah, Eichhorn / Univ. of Maryland (2012 MURI) How to control the droplet size as a function of particle loading, conductivity, and solvent conditions?

2. Electrospray Physics Single Porous emitter Nickel based neutral monomer dimer Ionic Liquid Taylor Cone - - PMI-PF 6 More complex dimer 55% fragmentation EMI-BF 4 Less complex dimer 100% fragmentation Lozano, Buehler(MIT), Gamero(UCI), Chiu (Busek), De la Mora(Yale): Molecular Dynamics modeling and experimental research used to optimize beam profile, improve stability, and the discovery of better ionic liquids Busek- DARPA Phenoix Program 0.7 mN pressure-fed MIT- Busek -NASA MEP Program 100  N passive Transitioned to DARPA and NASA programs

3. Electrospray Physics Can we obtain Taylor cone without a physical emitter or capillary? Yes, using Superparamagnetic Colloidal Ionic Liquids subject to Normal Field Instability Polymer surfactant chain Fe 2 O 3 BB E Electrospray and ion emission verified How does the magnetic energy term affect stability of spray? How does the polymer surfactant affect spray droplet size and m/q ratio? King, Michigan Tech Hawkett, University of Sydney

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