1. Introduction UWHS Oysters and Ocean Acidification Module Developed by Hilary Palevsky (palevsky@uw.edu)

2. Carbon emissions and sinks IPCC AR5, Figure 6.8 Pg C/yr

3. Absorbing CO 2 changes ocean pH IPCC AR5, Figure SPM.4 Hawaii (Mauna Loa) South Pole Hawaii (ALOHA) Bermuda (BATS) Canary Is. (ESTOC)

4. What is pH all about anyway? pH = -log[H + ] Decrease in pH = increase in acidity Logarithmic scale – A decrease of 1 unit is a 10× increase in [H + ] – A decrease of 0.1 unit (observed in the ocean between 1750 and today) is a 26% increase in [H + ]

5. Ocean carbonate chemistry CO 2 dissolution in water: CO 2 + H 2 O ↔ H 2 CO 3 H 2 CO 3 ↔ H + + HCO 3 - HCO 3 - ↔ H + + CO 3 2- What happens to [H + ] as CO 2 dissolves? How does this change pH?

6. How does acidification affect CaCO 3 shells? Forming CaCO 3 shells: Ca 2+ + CO 3 2- ↔ CaCO 3 Ω = [Ca 2+ ][CO 3 2- ]/K sp When Ω < 1, water is undersaturated and CaCO 3 will dissolve

7. Calcifying organisms GeoduckBlue mussel Urchins Pink calcifying algae Juvenile king crab Dungeness crab Examples of Puget Sound organisms that build shells, skeletons or other hard parts from CaCO 3 Images from Washington State Blue Ribbon Panel on Ocean Acidification Report, 2012

8. Pteropods: OA poster child Zooplankton, swimming snail Food for young salmon Shells dissolve in low pH waters Already observed shell dissolution damage in Pacific Ocean off US west coast Pteropods dissolve in water with pH and carbonate chemistry expected for 2100

9. Shellfish industry in Washington Washington is the country’s leading producer of farmed oysters, clams and mussels $270 million annually from shellfish aquaculture 3,200 jobs created by shellfish growers Washington State Blue Ribbon Panel on Ocean Acidification Report, 2012

10. Impact on oyster growers in the Pacific Northwest WA Blue Ribbon Panel Report, 2012

11. Your problem: How is ocean acidification affecting oyster larvae? Use data from Whiskey Creek Hatchery to investigate the relationship between water chemistry and oyster larval growth Explain your findings and provide advice to the hatchery managers Photos: Steve Ringman, The Seattle Times

12. Part 1 UWHS Oysters and Ocean Acidification Module Developed by Hilary Palevsky (palevsky@uw.edu)

13. How do changes in Ω affect oyster larvae?

14. Barton et al., 2012WA Blue Ribbon Panel Report Whiskey Creek Hatchery, Netarts Bay, OR Taylor Shellfish Hatchery, Dabob Bay, WA How do changes in Ω affect oyster larvae?

15. Part 2 UWHS Oysters and Ocean Acidification Module Developed by Hilary Palevsky (palevsky@uw.edu)

16. Photosynthesis and respiration CO 2 + H 2 O ↔ CH 2 O + O 2 Photosynthesis Respiration Photosynthesis requires sunlight Respiration occurs both day and night How do you expect photosynthesis and respiration to change pH and Ω?

17. Coastal upwelling When winds blow along to the south along the coast, surface water is pushed offshore This causes deep water to upwells to the surface

18. Properties of deep water brought to the surface by upwelling Feely et al., 2008 Colder Saltier More CO 2 (respiration but no photosynthesis in deep water)

19. One week of pH and Ω aragonite showing diurnal cycle

21. Part 3 UWHS Oysters and Ocean Acidification Module Developed by Hilary Palevsky (palevsky@uw.edu)

22. IPCC AR5 SPM.7 IPCC AR5 SPM.8 RCP 2.6 (low future emissions) RCP 8.5 (high future emissions) Future projections

23. IPCC AR5 Figure 6.29

24. Future projections for the US west coast Gruber et al., 2012