1. Revise lecture 7

2. The main issues covered by IAS 8 are: 1.Selection of accounting policies 2.Changes in accounting policies 3.Changes in accounting estimates 4.Correction of prior period errors

3. Revise lecture 7 Changes in accounting estimates Examples of changes in accounting estimates are changes in : The useful lives of non-current assets The residual values of non-current assets The method of depreciating non-current assets Warranty provisions, based upon more up-to- date information about claims frequency

4. Revise lecture 7 Prior period errors are omissions form, and misstatements in, the financial statements for one or more prior periods arising from failure to use information that Was available when the FS for those periods were authorised for issue and Could reasonably be expected to have been taken into account in preparing those FS

5. Historical cost accounting Under historical cost accounting, assets are recorded at the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid, or the fair value of the consideration given for them Liabilities are recorded at the amount of proceeds received in exchange for the obligation.

6. Historical cost accounting The objective of FS is to provide information about the reporting entity’s financial performance and position that is useful to a wide range of users for assessing the performance of management and for making economic decisions. Whilst being both easy to ascertain and objective, the historical cost basis of measurement fails to relate directly to any of the three decisions that might reasonably be made about an asset:

7. Historical cost accounting 1. Another, similar asset might be purchased. Management need to know the current replacement cost which might have changed substantially since the present asset was purchased at its historical cost. 2. The asset might be sold. Management need to know the amount which would be realised from sale, less any costs involved in disposal, i.e. the NRV. Again this may bear no relationship to historical cost.

8. Historical cost accounting 3. The asset might be used in the business. Management need to estimate the future cash flows arising from the asset and discount these to their present value, i.e. their economic value. Clearly there is no direct link with historical cost in this case.

9. Historical cost accounting Advantages of historical cost accounting 1.Easy to understand 2.Straightforward to produce 3.Historical cost accounts are objective and free from bias 4.Historical cost values are reliable and original values can be confirmed based on original invoices / accompanying documents 5.Historical cost accounts do not record gain until they are realised

10. Historical cost accounting Disadvantages of historical cost accounting In periods in which prices change significantly, historical cost accounts have grave deficiencies: 1.Carrying value (CV) of non-current assets is often substantially below current value 2.Stock in the SFP reflects prices at the date of purchase or manufacture rather than those current at the year end

11. Historical cost accounting 3. Income statement expenses do not reflect the current value of assets consumed so profit in real terms is exaggerated 4. No account is taken of the effect of increasing prices on monetary items 5. The overstatement of profits and the understatement of assets prevent a meaningful calculation of return on capital employed (ROCE)

12. Historical cost accounting Example: Company A acquire a new machine in 2004. the machine costs Rs50000 and has an estimated useful life of 10 years. Company B acquires an identical one year old machine in 2005. The cost of the machine is Rs48000 and it has an estimated useful life of 9 years.

13. Historical cost accounting Depreciation charges (straight-line basis) in 2005 are as follows.

14. Historical cost accounting

15. Both companies are using identical machine during 2005, but the income statements will show quite different profit figures because of adherence to historical cost