1. SELF AS OBJECT Self-Concept: The perceptions, conceptions, beliefs, and values one holds about oneself SELF AS SUBJECT Sense of Agency: One’s beliefs about what determines what happens to him or her Mastery Orientation: Belief that achievements are based on one’s own efforts Learned Helplessness: Belief that achievements are a result of luck or other factors over which one has little control Sense of Individuality: The sense of one’s own uniqueness Sense of Stability: The sense of continuity in one’s past, present, and future Sense of Reflection: The ability to think about one’s self THE DIFFERENT FACES OF SELF

2. LEARNING ORIENTATION: Intrinsic motivation, coming from within the learner and the task; learner is trying to satisfy self PERFORMANCE ORIENTATION: Extrinsic motivation, coming from the evaluations of other individuals; learner is trying to satisfy others TYPES OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION: Behavior that enhances competence of judgements of competence; a desire to strive for some high but reasonable standard of excellence in a skill or area of knowledge

3. Percentage of mothers 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Working Mothers With children under age 18With children under age 6 1940 1950 19601970 1980 0 19901994

4. Per 1000 of population 60 50 40 30 20 10 Divorce Rate 190019201930191019401950196019701980 0 19901993

5. Task 1: Understanding the divorce Task 2: Strategic withdrawal Task 3: Dealing with loss Task 4: Dealing with anger Task 5: Working out guilt Task 6: Accepting the permanence Task 7: Taking a chance on love The Psychological Tasks of Children of Divorce

6. Growth has slowed down. Increased endurance Improved running, throwing, swimming, bicycling, and skating. Better motor control. Growth has slowed down. Increased endurance Improved running, throwing, swimming, bicycling, and skating. Better motor control. Summary of Middle Childhood Physical Development

7. Reach Piaget’s concrete operational thought stage. Becoming logical. Using language to acquire new skills, understand jokes and riddles. Enlarged memory capacity. Understand arithmetical concepts. Reach Piaget’s concrete operational thought stage. Becoming logical. Using language to acquire new skills, understand jokes and riddles. Enlarged memory capacity. Understand arithmetical concepts. Summary of Middle Childhood Cognitive Development

8. Freudian latency stage. Energies focus on learning and productivity. Erikson’s industry vs. inferiority crisis; a focus on achievement is successful resolution. Peer relationships become important; children develop friendships. Children must cope with school and TV influences, divorce, working mothers, living in a violent society, and various other stressors. Freudian latency stage. Energies focus on learning and productivity. Erikson’s industry vs. inferiority crisis; a focus on achievement is successful resolution. Peer relationships become important; children develop friendships. Children must cope with school and TV influences, divorce, working mothers, living in a violent society, and various other stressors. Summary of Middle Childhood Psychosocial Development