2. 11 million people were exterminated

3. 6 million Jews 5 million people 1933 - 1945

4. They were shot, starved, gassed and burned…

5. Defining the Holocaust  HOLOCAUST: originally meant a sacrifice totally burned by fire  Hitler and Nazi plan to purify the Aryan race  Massive slaughter of Jews, homosexuals, gypsies, disabled people and other “undesirables” under Nazi regime during World War II GENOCIDE: the systematic extermination of a nationality or group GENOCIDE: the systematic extermination of a nationality or group

6. Cold Hard Facts Casualties of the Holocaust: 63% of Jewish population in Europe killed 63% of Jewish population in Europe killed 91% of Jewish population in Poland killed 91% of Jewish population in Poland killed Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, 000 pounds of human hair. But only Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, 000 pounds of human hair. But only 7, 650 live prisoners 7, 650 live prisoners

7. How did the Holocaust Happen? The Power of Words The Power of Words The Stages of Isolation The Stages of Isolation The Bystander versus the Collaborator The Bystander versus the Collaborator Anti-Semitism Anti-Semitism

8. The Power of Words… “The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a big lie than a small one” “The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a big lie than a small one” “How fortunate for leaders that men do not think” “How fortunate for leaders that men do not think” The victor will never be asked if he told the truth” The victor will never be asked if he told the truth” The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew” The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew” What do all these quotes have in common?

9. All Quotes of Adolf Hitler…

10. European Jewish Population in 1933 was 9,508,340

11. Estimated Jewish Survivors of Holocaust: 3,546,211

12. The Stages of Isolation The Holocaust was a progression of actions leading to the annihilation of millions by: 1: Stripping of Rights 2: Segregation 3: Concentration 4: Extermination

13. Stage 1: Stripping of Rights 1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all JEWS were : stripped of German citizenship stripped of German citizenship fired from jobs & businesses boycotted fired from jobs & businesses boycotted banned from German schools and universities banned from German schools and universities Marriages between Jews and Aryans forbidden Marriages between Jews and Aryans forbidden Forced to carry ID cards Forced to carry ID cards Passports stamped with a “J” Passports stamped with a “J” forced to wear the arm band of the Yellow “Star of David” forced to wear the arm band of the Yellow “Star of David” Jewish synagogues destroyed Jewish synagogues destroyed forced to pay reparations and a special income tax forced to pay reparations and a special income tax

14. Boycott Sign in Jewish Business, 1933 Jewish Businesses Identified by Signs Armband Passports must be carried at all times. “J” stands for Juden

15. Schindler’s List “Whoever saves one life, saves the world entire” Oskar Schindler is a vain, glorious and greedy German businessman who becomes unlikely humanitarian amid the barbaric Nazi reign when he feels compelled to turn his factory into a refuge for Jews. Based on the true story of Oskar Schindler who managed to save about 1100 Jews from being gassed at the Auschwitz concentration camp. A testament for the good in all of us. Oskar Schindler is a vain, glorious and greedy German businessman who becomes unlikely humanitarian amid the barbaric Nazi reign when he feels compelled to turn his factory into a refuge for Jews. Based on the true story of Oskar Schindler who managed to save about 1100 Jews from being gassed at the Auschwitz concentration camp. A testament for the good in all of us. Clip 1: Chapter 5 (entering ghetto)- 5 min Clip 1: Chapter 5 (entering ghetto)- 5 min

16. Stage 2: Segregation GHETTOS Jews were forced to live in designated areas called “ghettos” to isolate them from the rest of society Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary during WWII Ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and extreme overcrowding Disease was rampant and food was in such short supply that many slowly starved to death Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 500,000 people and was 3.5 square miles in size

17. Nazi ghettos were a preliminary step in the annihilation of the Jews, as the ghettos became transition areas, used as collection points for deportation to concentration & death camps

18. Schindler’s List Clip 2: Start at 45:00 min - 49:30 (train) Clip 2: Start at 45:00 min - 49:30 (train) Clip 3: Chapter 14 (Liquidation of Ghetto)- 17 min Clip 3: Chapter 14 (Liquidation of Ghetto)- 17 min

19. Stage 3: Concentration Camps Essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists, homosexuals, opponents) Slave labor “annihilation by work” Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient transportation

21. Life in the Camps Possessions were confiscated Heads were shaved Arms tattooed Prison uniforms Men, women and children were separated Survival based on trade skills / physical strength Unsanitary, disease ridden and lice infested barracks Inhumane medical experiments

24. Schindler’s List Clip 4: Chapter 17 (concentration camps / factory)- 4 min

25. Stage 4: Extermination Einsatzgruppen(mobile killing units) had began killing operations aimed at entire Jewish communities in the 1930s Einsatzgruppen(mobile killing units) had began killing operations aimed at entire Jewish communities in the 1930s Death Factories: Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the singular function of mass murder Death Factories: Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the singular function of mass murder Euthanasia program: Nazi policy to eliminate “life unworthy of life” (mentally or physically challenged) to promote Aryan “racial integrity” Euthanasia program: Nazi policy to eliminate “life unworthy of life” (mentally or physically challenged) to promote Aryan “racial integrity”

26. “FINAL SOLUTION” “FINAL SOLUTION” Wannsee Conference (Berlin -1942 ) established the “complete solution of the Jewish question” Wannsee Conference (Berlin -1942 ) established the “complete solution of the Jewish question” called for the complete and mass annihilation and extermination of the Jews as well as other groups called for the complete and mass annihilation and extermination of the Jews as well as other groups Zyklon B gas became the agent in the mass extermination Zyklon B gas became the agent in the mass extermination

27. Gas Chambers & Crematoriums Prisoners were sent to gas chambers disguised as showers Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3 – 15 minutes Up to 8000 people were gassed per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest death camp with 4 operating gas chambers Gold fillings from victims teeth were melted down to make gold bards Prisoners moved dead bodies to massive crematoriums

30. Schindler’s List Clip 5: Chapter 1: Burning (disc 2)- 3 min Clip 6: Chapter 4: Showers (disc 2)- 4 min Clip 7: Chapter 11: Liberation (7 min)

31. Nearing the End of the War Nearing the End of the War By 1945, the Nazis’ began to destroy crematoriums and camps as Allied troops closed in Death Marches (Todesmarsche): Between 1944-1945, Nazis ordered marches over long distances. Approximately 250 000 – 375 000 prisoners perished in Death Marches On January 27, 1945, the Soviet army entered Auschwitz (largest camp) and liberated more than 7,000 remaining prisoners, who were mostly ill and dying.

34. Nazis confiscated property of prisoners in storerooms nicknamed “Kanada” because the sheer amount of loot stored there was associated with the riches of Canada

35. Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?  The swastika is an ancient Indian symbol (Sanskrit) that is over 3,000 years old meaning well being, life and good luck  Common symbol in ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, India, China, Central and South America (Maya)  In 1920, Adolf Hitler decided that the Nazi Party needed its own flag and chose the swastika to represent the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man  Because of the Nazis' flag, the swastika soon became a symbol of hate, anti-Semitism, violence, death, and murder.

36. Holocaust Art Holocaust Art

42. Aftermath Yom ha-Shoah: Holocaust Remembrance Day established in 1951 Yom ha-Shoah: Holocaust Remembrance Day established in 1951 Nuremberg Trials: 1945- 1949 were trials for war crimes of Nazi officials (24 Nazi leaders tried) Nuremberg Trials: 1945- 1949 were trials for war crimes of Nazi officials (24 Nazi leaders tried) Anti-Semitism in the world today Anti-Semitism in the world today

43. For their Religious Beliefs, They Stood Firm – the Jehovah Witnesses Every European country, even Germany, had those who did not believe in the Nazi ideology and who were willing to die for their beliefs. Perhaps no other group stood so firmly in their beliefs as the Jehovah Witnesses. Hitler felt particularly threatened by this strong group of Christians because they, from the very beginning, refused to recognize any God other than Jehovah. When asked to sign documents of loyalty to the Nazi ideology, they refused. Jehovah Witnesses were forced to wear purple armbands and thousands were imprisoned as "dangerous" traitors because they refused to take a pledge of loyalty to the Third Reich. Every European country, even Germany, had those who did not believe in the Nazi ideology and who were willing to die for their beliefs. Perhaps no other group stood so firmly in their beliefs as the Jehovah Witnesses. Hitler felt particularly threatened by this strong group of Christians because they, from the very beginning, refused to recognize any God other than Jehovah. When asked to sign documents of loyalty to the Nazi ideology, they refused. Jehovah Witnesses were forced to wear purple armbands and thousands were imprisoned as "dangerous" traitors because they refused to take a pledge of loyalty to the Third Reich.

44. For their Race they were Executed – the Gypsies Like the Jews, the Rom Gypsies were chosen for total annihilation just because of their race. Even though Jews are defined by religion, Hitler saw the Jewish people as a race that he believed needed to be completely annihilated. Like the Jews, the Rom Gypsies also were a nomadic people that were persecuted throughout history. Both groups were denied certain privileges in many European countries. The Germans believed both the Jews and the Gypsies were also moved into special areas set up by the Nazis. Half a million Gypsies, almost the entire Eastern European Gypsy population, was wiped out during the Holocaust. Like the Jews, the Rom Gypsies were chosen for total annihilation just because of their race. Even though Jews are defined by religion, Hitler saw the Jewish people as a race that he believed needed to be completely annihilated. Like the Jews, the Rom Gypsies also were a nomadic people that were persecuted throughout history. Both groups were denied certain privileges in many European countries. The Germans believed both the Jews and the Gypsies were also moved into special areas set up by the Nazis. Half a million Gypsies, almost the entire Eastern European Gypsy population, was wiped out during the Holocaust.

45. Men and Women of Courage From All Nations – the Resisters Every European nation had its courageous resisters. Poland's Underground Army - made up of children, teenagers, and regular men and women - was responsible for defending the lives of thousands of its Jewish and non-Jewish citizens. Many were killed for their acts of courage against the Nazis. Even though most German citizens were supportive of Hitler's plan to control Europe, there were German citizens who died because they refused to go along with Hitler's plan. Every European nation had its courageous resisters. Poland's Underground Army - made up of children, teenagers, and regular men and women - was responsible for defending the lives of thousands of its Jewish and non-Jewish citizens. Many were killed for their acts of courage against the Nazis. Even though most German citizens were supportive of Hitler's plan to control Europe, there were German citizens who died because they refused to go along with Hitler's plan.

46. Priests and Pastors Died for their Beliefs Hitler wanted no only to conquer all of Europe, he also wanted to create a new religion and replace Jesus Christ as a figure of worship. Hitler expected his followers to worship the Nazi ideology. Since Catholic priests and Christian pastors were often influential leaders in their community, they were sought out by the Nazi very early. Thousands of Catholic priest and Christian pastors were forced into concentration camps. A special barracks was set up at Dachau, a camp near Munich, Germany, for clergymen. A few survived; some were executed, but most were allowed to die slowly of starvation and disease. Hitler wanted no only to conquer all of Europe, he also wanted to create a new religion and replace Jesus Christ as a figure of worship. Hitler expected his followers to worship the Nazi ideology. Since Catholic priests and Christian pastors were often influential leaders in their community, they were sought out by the Nazi very early. Thousands of Catholic priest and Christian pastors were forced into concentration camps. A special barracks was set up at Dachau, a camp near Munich, Germany, for clergymen. A few survived; some were executed, but most were allowed to die slowly of starvation and disease.

47. Pink Triangle for Homosexuals Because Hitler's plan for a great master race had no room for any homosexuals, many males from all nations, including Germany, were persecuted, tortured and executed. Hitler even searched his own men and found suspected homosexuals that were then sent to concentration camps wearing their SS uniforms and medals. The homosexual inmates were forced to wear pink triangles on their clothes so they could be easily recognized and further humiliated inside the camps. Between 5000 to 15 000 homosexuals died in concentration camps during the Holocaust. Because Hitler's plan for a great master race had no room for any homosexuals, many males from all nations, including Germany, were persecuted, tortured and executed. Hitler even searched his own men and found suspected homosexuals that were then sent to concentration camps wearing their SS uniforms and medals. The homosexual inmates were forced to wear pink triangles on their clothes so they could be easily recognized and further humiliated inside the camps. Between 5000 to 15 000 homosexuals died in concentration camps during the Holocaust.

48. No Place for the Disabled The Nazis decided that it was a waste of time and money to support the disabled. During Hitler's "cleansing program", thousands of people with various handicaps were deemed useless and simply put to death like dogs and cats. The Nazis decided that it was a waste of time and money to support the disabled. During Hitler's "cleansing program", thousands of people with various handicaps were deemed useless and simply put to death like dogs and cats.

49. Sterilization for Black Children Prior to WWI, there were very few dark-skinned people of African descent in Germany. But, during World War I, black African soldiers were brought in by the French during the Allied occupation. Most of the Germans, who were very race conscious, despised the dark-skinned "invasion". Some of these black soldiers married white German women that bore children referred to as "Rhineland Bastards" or the "Black Disgrace". In Mein Kampf, Hitler said he would eliminate all children born of African German descent because he considered them an "insult" to the German nation. Prior to WWI, there were very few dark-skinned people of African descent in Germany. But, during World War I, black African soldiers were brought in by the French during the Allied occupation. Most of the Germans, who were very race conscious, despised the dark-skinned "invasion". Some of these black soldiers married white German women that bore children referred to as "Rhineland Bastards" or the "Black Disgrace". In Mein Kampf, Hitler said he would eliminate all children born of African German descent because he considered them an "insult" to the German nation.

50. Death or Divorce - A Choice for Many Many husbands and wives of Jews in Germany were forced to choose between divorce or concentration camps. Hitler would not allow "interracial" marriages. Those that chose to remain married were punished by imprisonment in camps where many died. Many husbands and wives of Jews in Germany were forced to choose between divorce or concentration camps. Hitler would not allow "interracial" marriages. Those that chose to remain married were punished by imprisonment in camps where many died.

51. Jewish Converts- No Matter to the Nazi Regime What happened to former Jews who converted to Christianity? In German occupied Poland, a Jew who converted to Christianity was considered to be still a Jew. The Warsaw Ghetto had a special section for such converts and there was even a Catholic Church that served them. It is believed that they shared the fate of all the other Jews. What happened to former Jews who converted to Christianity? In German occupied Poland, a Jew who converted to Christianity was considered to be still a Jew. The Warsaw Ghetto had a special section for such converts and there was even a Catholic Church that served them. It is believed that they shared the fate of all the other Jews.

52. WHY DO WE REMEMBER THE HOLOCAUST? WHY DO WE REMEMBER THE HOLOCAUST?