1. Dark Matter and Energy What are our eyes missing?

2. What are Dark Matter and Energy? Mostly concepts, not particular things Mostly concepts, not particular things Dark matter emits no light, but has mass and volume. Dark matter emits no light, but has mass and volume. Dark energy is, in a sense, reverse gravity (repellant force). Dark energy is, in a sense, reverse gravity (repellant force). Empty spaces Empty spaces Einstein’s Cosmological Constant Einstein’s Cosmological Constant Dark Matter makes up most of our universe (around 88%). Dark Matter makes up most of our universe (around 88%). Result deduced from the Omega value Result deduced from the Omega value We know of their existence through experimental data results and theory. We know of their existence through experimental data results and theory. Both are extremely important to science, especially in astrophysics. Both are extremely important to science, especially in astrophysics. Dark Matter Not Dark Matter

3. Reasons and Proof for Existence Motions/Rotations of astronomical objects Motions/Rotations of astronomical objects Observable on many different scales(galaxies, galactic clusters, superclusters) Observable on many different scales(galaxies, galactic clusters, superclusters) Acceleration of the universe Acceleration of the universe CMB(Cosmic Microwave Background) CMB(Cosmic Microwave Background) Gravitational Wells Gravitational Wells Photon energy is higher coming out Photon energy is higher coming out Structure of the universe Structure of the universe Model of gravity effect on the universe

4. Where are Dark Matter and Energy? Dark matter can be in several forms Dark matter can be in several forms MACHOS(Massive Compact Halo Objects) MACHOS(Massive Compact Halo Objects) Huge particles located near or in galactic halos Huge particles located near or in galactic halos Brown dwarfs and black holes Brown dwarfs and black holes WIMPS(Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) WIMPS(Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) Thought to be mostly useless Thought to be mostly useless Currently favored possibility Currently favored possibility Neutrinos Neutrinos Ordinary matter Ordinary matter Not nearly enough to account for all the gravitational effects Not nearly enough to account for all the gravitational effects Understanding of gravity Understanding of gravity Perhaps we just do not have a proper grasp of the concepts and laws of gravity Perhaps we just do not have a proper grasp of the concepts and laws of gravity Dark energy is more of a force, like gravity, and thus has no “location” Dark energy is more of a force, like gravity, and thus has no “location”

5. Experiments and Research Fritz Zwicky Fritz Zwicky Studied the mass of galaxies (specifically in the Virgo and Coma clusters) Studied the mass of galaxies (specifically in the Virgo and Coma clusters) First calculation: Luminosity First calculation: Luminosity Second calculation: Spread in Velocities Second calculation: Spread in Velocities Second result 400 times larger than the first Second result 400 times larger than the first Jan Oort Jan Oort Measured perpindicular motions of nearby stars relative to the desk of our galaxy Measured perpindicular motions of nearby stars relative to the desk of our galaxy Could measure the mass of the disk by the gravitational pull on the stars Could measure the mass of the disk by the gravitational pull on the stars Resulted in twice the mass he expected Resulted in twice the mass he expected Both agreed that visible mass only makes up 10% or so of the mass needed to keep the galaxies from flying apart Both agreed that visible mass only makes up 10% or so of the mass needed to keep the galaxies from flying apart

6. What might new findings mean for us? Study of the location of galactic bodies Study of the location of galactic bodies Theories about the origin and behavior of the universe Theories about the origin and behavior of the universe Possible, though perhaps unlikely, “real world” application Possible, though perhaps unlikely, “real world” application Redefinition of the way people think of forces as a whole Redefinition of the way people think of forces as a whole

7. References http://aci.mta.ca/TheUmbrella/Physics/P3401/Invest igations/MassGalaxyDM.html http://aci.mta.ca/TheUmbrella/Physics/P3401/Invest igations/MassGalaxyDM.html http://aci.mta.ca/TheUmbrella/Physics/P3401/Invest igations/MassGalaxyDM.html http://aci.mta.ca/TheUmbrella/Physics/P3401/Invest igations/MassGalaxyDM.html http://astron.berkeley.edu/~mwhite/darkmatter/dm.h tml http://astron.berkeley.edu/~mwhite/darkmatter/dm.h tml http://astron.berkeley.edu/~mwhite/darkmatter/dm.h tml http://astron.berkeley.edu/~mwhite/darkmatter/dm.h tml http://www.nature.com/nsu/030721/030721-5.html http://www.nature.com/nsu/030721/030721-5.html http://www.nature.com/nsu/030721/030721-5.html http://universe.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/darkenergy.html http://universe.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/darkenergy.html http://universe.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/darkenergy.html http://www.astro.queensu.ca/~dursi/dm- tutorial/dm0.html http://www.astro.queensu.ca/~dursi/dm- tutorial/dm0.html