1. Jin Huang Los Alamos National Lab Based on thesis work at MIT and Jefferson Lab Experiment E06-010 and E12-11-007 for 2013 Workshops of the APS Topical Group on Hadronic Physics

2.  TMD PDFs link ◦ Intrinsic motion of partons ◦ Parton spin ◦ Spin of the nucleon  Multi-Dimension structure ◦ 3D motion of the quark in nucleon ◦ Probes orbital motion of quarks  A new phase of study, fast developing field ◦ Great advance in theories (factorization, models, Lattice...) ◦ Experimentally, not systematically studied until recent years ◦ Recent experiments in HERMES, COMPASS, CEBAF, RHIC, … Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 2

3. 3 f 1 = f 1T  = Sivers Helicity g 1 = h1 =h1 = Transversity h1 =h1 =Boer-Mulders h 1T  = Pretzelosity Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang g 1T = h 1L  = Worm Gear (Kotzinian-Mulders) : Survive trans. momentum integration Nucleon Spin Quark Spin Worm Gear (trans-helicity)

4. proton hadronlepton antilepton Hadron-Hadron (DY, Jet, IFF, etc.) JPARCFNAL EIC proton lepton pion SIDIS electron positron pion e – e + to hadrons Partonic scattering amplitude Fragmentation amplitude Distribution amplitude Workshops of the APS GHP 4Jin Huang

5.  Gold mine for TMDs  Access all eight leading-twist TMDs through spin-comb. & azimuthal- modulations  Tagging quark flavor/kinematics Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 5

6. Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 6 f 1 = Sivers f 1T  = Transversity h 1T = Boer-Mulder h1 =h1 = Pretzelosity h 1T  = S L, S T : Target Polarization; e : Beam Polarization h 1L  = Worm Gear g 1T = Worm Gear g 1 = Helicity

7.  Double Beam-Target Spin Asymmetry (DSA) in SIDIS with transversely polarized target: A LT Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 7  Technically, azimuthal amplitude in asymmetry extracted through methods considering acceptance and luminosity corrections, including  azimuthal asymmetry fits  Maximum likelihood analysis

8. Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 8  Newport News, Virginia  Linear accelerator provides continuous polarized electron beam ◦ E beam = 6 GeV ◦ P beam = 85%  3 experimental halls A, B and C A B C

9. Institutions (38) Univ. Kentucky, W&M, Duke Univ., CalTech, UIUC, Lanzhou Univ, California State Univ, Univ. Glasgow, MIT, CMU, JLab, ODU, UVa, Hampton Univ, INFN, Mississippi State Univ, Rutgers, Kharkov Inst. of Phys. and Tech., Los Alamos National Lab, Longwood Univ, Cairo Univ, Kyungpook National Univ, China Inst. of Atomic Energy, Kent State Univ, Univ. of Sci. & Tech. of China, Florida International Univ., Univ. Massachusettes, Temple Univ, Univ. Blaise Pascal, Univ. of New Hampshire, Syracuse Univ., Yerevan Physics Inst., Univ. Ljubljana, Seoul National Univ. Collaboration members (115) K. Allada, K. Aniol, J. R. M. Annand, T. Averett, F. Benmokhtar, W. Bertozzi, P. C. Bradshaw, P. Bosted, A. Camsonne, M. Canan, G. D. Cates, C. Chen, J.-P. Chen, W. Chen, K. Chirapatpimol, E. Chudakov, E. Cisbani, J. C. Cornejo, F. Cusanno, M. M. Dalton, W. Deconinck, C.W. de Jager, R. De Leo, X. Deng, A. Deur, H. Ding, P. A. M. Dolph, C. Dutta, D. Dutta, L. El Fassi, S. Frullani, J. Huang, H. Gao, F. Garibaldi, D. Gaskell, S. Gilad, R. Gilman, O. Glamazdin, S. Golge, L. Guo, D. Hamilton, O. Hansen, D.W. Higinbotham, T. Holmstrom, M. Huang, H. F. Ibrahim, M. Iodice, X. Jiang, G. Jin, M. K. Jones, J. Katich, A. Kelleher, W. Kim, A. Kolarkar, W. Korsch, J. J. LeRose, X. Li, Y. Li, R. Lindgren, N. Liyanage, E. Long, H.-J. Lu, D. J. Margaziotis, P. Markowitz, S. Marrone, D. McNulty, Z.-E. Meziani, R. Michaels, B. Moffit, C. Munoz Camacho, S. Nanda, A. Narayan, V. Nelyubin, B. Norum, Y. Oh, M. Osipenko, D. Parno, J. C. Peng, S. K. Phillips, M. Posik, A. J. R. Puckett, X. Qian, Y. Qiang, A. Rakhman, R. D. Ransome, S. Riordan, A. Saha, B. Sawatzky, E. Schulte, A. Shahinyan, M. H. Shabestari, S. Sirca, S. Stepanyan, R. Subedi, V. Sulkosky, L.-G. Tang, A. Tobias, G. M. Urciuoli, I. Vilardi, K.Wang, Y. Wang, B.Wojtsekhowski, X. Yan, H. Yao, Y. Ye, Z. Ye, L. Yuan, X. Zhan, Y. Zhang, Y.-W. Zhang, B. Zhao, X. Zheng, L. Zhu, X. Zhu, and X. Zong Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 9 Co-spokesperson, Graduate student, Leading Postdoc

10. Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 10  Successful data taking 2008-09  First results published ◦ Single spin: Qian PRL 107 072003 (2011) ◦ Double spin: Huang, PRL. 108, 052001 (2012)  Polarized electron beam ◦ With 30 Hz helicity reversal  Polarized 3 He target  BigBite at 30º detect electron ◦ Dipole magnet, P e = 0.6 ~ 2.2 GeV/c ◦ MWDC/shower-preshow/scitillator  HRS L at 16º detect hadron ◦ QQDQ config, P h = 2.35 GeV/c ◦ Scintillator/drift chamber/Cherenkov Beam Polarimetry (Møller + Compton) Luminosity Monitor

11. Only Small Part of Left-HRS and He-3 Target is Shown Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 11

12. Polarimetery Polarized beam at Jefferson Lab is crucial  Two method cross check ◦ Moller polarimetry ◦ Compton polarimetry  Overall polarization =76.8 +- 3.5%  Fast beam helicity reversal at 30 Hz  Beam charge balance between two helicity states Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 12 Beam Polarimetry Luminosity Monitor

13.   High Luminosity polarize target: L(n) = 10 36 cm -2 s -1 (achieved), 10 37 cm -2 s -1 (R&D)  Compact size: No cryogenic support needed  Proton dilution measured experimentally Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 13 Beam Polarimetry Luminosity Monitor Beam ~90% ~1.5% ~8%

14. Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 14  New laser ◦ Narrow line width ◦ 3 He ↑P/P ~30%  New optics and oven ◦ Polarizing and polarimetery at 3 directions  Holding magnet field ◦ 3D field hold spin to any direction  A smart target ◦ Flip 3 He spin every 20min ◦ <10 -3 failure rate ◦ Auto analysis, log and early warnings Beam Polarimetry Luminosity Monitor

15.  High luminosity: L(n) = 10 36 cm -2 s -1  Record high 50-65% polarization in beam with automatic spin flip / 20min  = 55.4% ± 0.4% (stat. per spin state) ± 2.7 % (sys.) Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 15 Beam Polarimetry Luminosity Monitor

16. Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 16 Beam Polarimetry Luminosity Monitor  Detects electrons  Single dipole magnet  A “big bite” of acceptance ◦ 64 msr ◦ P : 0.6 ~ 2.2 GeV/c  3 wire chambers: 18 planes for precise tracking  Bipolar momentum reconstruction  Pre-shower and shower for electron PID  Scintillator for coincidence with left HRS Invariant mass of p(e,e’) Momentum calibration:

17. Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 17 Beam Polarimetry Luminosity Monitor Detector Hut D1 Q1 Q2 Q3 Detector Package Detector Package

18. p T & ϕ h - ϕ S coverage Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 18 Kinematics coverage Q 2 >1GeV 2 W>2.3GeV z=0.4~0.6 W’>1.6GeV x bin 1 234 Two team cross check on asymmetry analysis Independent code and method Red team: one step MLE Blue team: bin-by-bin asymmetry in local spin pairs, azimuthal fit Cross check result for both SSA and DSA Two team cross check on asymmetry analysis Independent code and method Red team: one step MLE Blue team: bin-by-bin asymmetry in local spin pairs, azimuthal fit Cross check result for both SSA and DSA

19.  E06-010 - First data on effectively neutron target  Consistent with models in signs  Suggest larger asymmetry, possible interpretations: ◦ Larger quark spin-orbital interference ◦ different P T dependence ◦ larger subleading-twist effects Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 19 Huang, et. al. PRL. 108, 052001 (2012)  Access  Dominated by real part of interference between L=0 (S) and L=1 (P) states ◦ Imaginary part -> Sivers effect  No GPD correspondence  Measured by COMPASS and HERMES on p and D targets g 1T =

20. Model (fitting) uncertainties shown in blue band. Jin Huang 20 X. Qian PRL 107 072003 (2011) Workshops of the APS GHP Sizable Collins π + asymmetries at x=0.34? – Sign of violation of Soffer’s inequality? – Data are limited by stat. Needs more precise data! Negative Sivers π + Asymmetry – Consistent with HERMES/COMPASS – Independent demonstration of negative d quark Sivers function.

21. Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 21 Upgrade is designed to build on existing facility: vast majority of accelerator and experimental equipment have continued use New Hall Add arc Enhanced capabilities in existing Halls Add 5 cryomodules 20 cryomodules Scope of the project includes: Doubling the accelerator beam energy New experimental Hall and beamline Upgrades to existing Experimental Halls Maintain capability to deliver lower pass beam energies: 2.2, 4.4, 6.6…. Upgrade arc magnets and supplies CHL upgrade Beam in 2014

22. Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 22  Key device to achieve high-precision mapping and minimizing systematics  High Luminosity target and upgraded beam energy -> 12 GeV  Large acceptance: enable 4D-mapping of asymmetries  Full/symmetric azimuthal angular coverage: minimize systematics  Device shared by three SIDIS experiment, a parity-violation DIS exp. and J/ψ prod. at threshold  Budget: ~30M; early design stage; detector prototyping E12-10-006: 90 day Single Spin Asymmetry on Transverse 3 He E12-11-007: 30 day Single and Double Spin Asymmetry on 3 He E12-11-108: 120 day Single and Double Spin Asymmetries on Transverse Proton Calorimeter module design

23.  Natural Extension of E06-010  Much wider phase space ◦ Also data at low and high z value to access target frag. and exclusive channels.  Both transverse and longitudinal polarized target: 6/7 polarized leading twist TMDs Studied Workshops of the APS GHP 23Jin Huang

24.  3 He(e, e’ π ± )X, continuation and next-generation of 6-GeV measurement ◦ E12-11-007 & E12-11-006 using SoLID, max precision, “A”-rated ◦ E12-09-108 using Super-BigBite, also cover Kaons  p(e, e’ π ± )X, PR12-11-108 approved, proton target, “A”-rated  Significant expand coverage and precision on A LT measurement and knowledge on g 1T function Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 24 Center of points: Scale for error bars: E12-11-007 projection neutron A LT of one out of 48 Q 2 -z bins for π -

25. Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 25 Q 2 = 1~8 GeV 2 P h ⊥ (GeV/c) z= 0.3~0.7 x bj data point: Projection for neutron A LT of π - Expected improvement of Sivers function (A. Prokudin)

26.  g 1T can be probed in Drell-Yen process ◦ Azimuthal weighted double spin asymmetry in transverse polarized p – p(p_bar) -> g 1T  EIC: g 1T for sea quarks Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 26 A g TT in p-p_bar DY Lu, et.al. PhysRevD.75.094012 Azimuthal Weights proton lepton antilepton

27.  First measurement of 3 He (neutron) A LT ◦ First indication of non-zero A LT ( +2.8 σ π + production on 3 He ) ◦ Indicate a non-zero g 1T and Re[(L=0) q × (L=1) q ] ◦ Huang, et. al. PRL. 108, 052001 (2012), arXiv:1108.0489  Systematic uncertainties is minimized by unique fast beam helicity/target spin flip ◦ Cancel systematic effect due to efficiency drift/acceptance/luminosity fluctuation/SSA terms  Foundation for future experiments ◦ Precise mapping of A LT following JLab 12 GeV upgrade ◦ Comprehensive study of spin-orbital correlations Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 27

28.  My PhD advisor Prof. William Bertozzi and Dr. Shalev Gilad for their guidance and support  The Jefferson Lab E06-010 collaboration, the SoLID collaboration and Hall A collaboration, for providing me the excellent research opportunity and environment  My colleges and friends, for their company and help  Finally, and most importantly, my family for their constant love! Workshops of the APS GHP Jin Huang 28