1. Exam #1 W 2/10 (bring your cheat sheet) Review T 2/9 from 6-8pm in WRW 102

2. What makes us who we are? Nature and Nurture Based on “Nature via Nurture” by Matt Ridley (2003)

3. Protein The connection between genes and traits is rarely direct. Fig 16.10

4. Mostly Nurture- Imprinting: exposure to movement (environment) sets “mother”

5. Mostly Nature- X/Y chromosomes in humans: genes = traits XY XX

6. Twin studies have been used to determine the heritability of various traits.

7. Types of twins: http://pennhealth.com/health_info/pregnancy/000199.htm

8. Twin studies have been used to determine the heritability of various traits, but there are some caveats: How many twins have been studied? How different are the environments?

9. Correlation of weight (BMI)% Identical twins reared together80 Identical twins reared apart72 Fraternal twins reared together43 Biological siblings34 Parents and children living together26 Adopted children and parents 4 Unrelated children living together 1 *But food preference shows little genetic correlation Correlation of weight and relatedness The nature of environmental influences on weight and obesity: A behavior genetic analysis. Grilo, Carlos M.; Pogue-Geile, Michael F.; Psychological Bulletin, Vol 110(3), Nov 1991. pp. 520-537. And two books by Matt Ridley: Nature via Nurture (2003) and Genome: the Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (1999)

10. Intelligence Correlation of IQ Inheritance :% The same person tested twice87 Identical twins reared together86 Identical twins reared apart76 Fraternal twins reared together55 Biological siblings47 Parents and children living together40 Parents and children living apart31 Adopted children living together 0 Unrelated people living apart 0 From two books by Matt Ridley: Nature via Nurture (2003) and Genome: the Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (1999)

11. When the environment is equal (everyone has access to resources), genetic differences are magnified. When environments are different (only a few have access to resources), environmental differences are magnified.

12. Proof or disproof? From two books by Matt Ridley: Nature via Nurture (2003) and Genome: the Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (1999) Correlation of weight (BMI)% Identical twins reared together80 Identical twins reared apart72 Fraternal twins reared together43 Biological siblings34 Parents and children living together26 Adopted children and parents 4 Unrelated children living together 1

13. Nature and Nurture: Are traits coded for by genes fixed while traits coded for by the environment are under our control?

14. See: http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2009/203/3?rss=1 (and/or) Disentangling prenatal and inherited influences in humans with an experimental design Frances Ricea, Gordon T. Haroldb, Jacky Boivinb, Dale F. Hayb, Marianne van den Breea, and Anita Thapara PNAS early editioncgidoi10.1073pnas.0808798106 Fetal exposure to smoking can have several affects on children, including: -decreased birth weight -increased anti-social behavior Are these affects genetic or environmental?

15. In Vitro Fertilization- fertilization occurs in a lab, and then the embryo is implanted into a woman's uterus. Usually the pregnant woman is related to the embryo, but sometimes they are unrelated.

16. The average birth weight for all babies born to smoking mothers was lower...

17. Anti-social behavior was only different if the child and mother were related...

18. birth weight anti-social behavior...So birth weight reductions were strongly nurture...while increases in anti-social behavior were strongly nature.

19. Nature and Nurture: Are traits coded for by genes fixed while traits coded for by the environment are under our control?

20. Adults exposed to cigarette smoke as fetuses have higher risk of obesity and heart disease

21. 17,000 births studied and checked at age 16 and 33. Fetuses exposed to smoking had increased rate of adult obesity and more smoking meant more obesity.

22. Nature and Nurture: Are traits coded for by genes fixed while traits coded for by the environment are under our control?

23. Exam #1 W 2/10 (bring your cheat sheet) Review T 2/9 from 6-8pm in WRW 102