1. Let’s review those causes of the Great Depression… Stock Market Crash of 1929Stock Market Crash of 1929 October 29 th, 1929 ->Black Tuesday October 29 th, 1929 ->Black Tuesday Two months after the original crash in October, stockholders had lost more than $40 billion dollars Two months after the original crash in October, stockholders had lost more than $40 billion dollars Bank FailuresBank Failures Bank Runs! Bank Runs! Over 9,000 banks failed Over 9,000 banks failed No insurance on $$ No insurance on $$

2. Overall reduction in spendingOverall reduction in spending Unemployment rate will go over 25% Unemployment rate will go over 25% American foreign economic policyAmerican foreign economic policy Hawley-Smoot Tariff Hawley-Smoot Tariff Drought conditionsDrought conditions The Dust Bowl The Dust Bowl

3. President Hoover and the Effects of the Great Depression

4. Hoover’s Response to the Great Depression, 1929-1933 Herbert Hoover was the President who first had to deal with the deepening Depression. Hoover’s Economic Plan: Restore confidence in American economy with statements: “prosperity is just around the corner”. Promoted federal programs to help business believing once they recovered, it would trickle down to workers and consumers.

5. Set a precedent for FDR’s New Deal with his use of federal works projects to create jobs and stimulate the economy. Stopped payments of war debts by European nations. Despite these efforts, Hoover’s refusal to provide direct help damaged his image of the nation’s leader.

6. What were Hoovervilles? Hooverville in Bakersfield, California Images attained at: http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/depwwii/depress/hoovers.html

7. What were Hoovervilles? Hooverville Portland, Oregon Fact: In 1932, 273,000 families were evicted from their homes.

8. What were Hoovervilles? Hoovervilles: families who lost their homes lived in unheated shacks built from cardboard, tin, or crates. People slept under old newspapers called “Hoover blankets.” Others slept in city parks. People selling apples and shoelaces on the street became common sight. Cases of malnutrition, tuberculosis, suicide, and other diseases rose due to the living conditions. Parents often went hungry by giving what food they had to their children.

9. What was the Bonus Army? Members of the Bonus Army at the Capitol, 1932

10. What was the Bonus Army? Bonus Army- 20,000 World War I veterans, who protested in Washington, DC seeking early payment of a "bonus" they were promised.

11. What was the Bonus Army? Hoover believed they were influenced by Communists and called in the US Army to break up the protest. The news photographs showed tanks and tear gas being used against war veterans destroyed what little popularity Hoover had left.

12. Surviving the Depression

13. Dust Bowl: During much of the 1930s, states from Texas to the Dakotas suffered a severe drought. Became known as the Dust Bowl. Dust storms buried houses and their impact was felt on the East Coast. Dust storms were everywhere, one blew from Oklahoma to Albany, New York.

15. What caused the Dust Bowl? The Dust Bowl was caused by: Overgrazing Severe drought High Winds

16. Dust Bowl Days On the fourteenth day of April of nineteen thirty five, There struck the worst of dust storms that ever filled the sky: You could see that dust storm coming, the cloud looked deathlike black, And through our mighty nation, it left a dreadful track... This storm took place at sundown and lasted through the night, When we looked out this morning we saw a terrible sight: We saw outside our windows where wheat fields they had grown Was now a rippling ocean of dust the wind had blown. It covered up our fences, it covered up our barns, It covered up our tractors in this wild and windy storm. We loaded our jalopies and piled our families in, We rattled down the highway to never come back again. — Woody Guthrie (1912-1967) From "Dust Storm Disaster"

17. Escaping the Dust Bowl Farmers in Oklahoma and Arkansas packed up their belongings and headed west to California. Known as: Okies and Arkies When they reached California they were not wanted by farmers, they had no work, and lived in shacks or tents.

18. Migrant Workers Mother and child from Oklahoma, now migrants in California 1937 Refugee families encamped Near Holtville, California 1937 In 1932, there were two million homeless people moving around the country.

19. Election of 1932 Map

20. “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself” “Our greatest primary task is to put people to work” Franklin D. Roosevelt