1. Radicals Who: Liberals, Europeans, French What: those who favor extreme change Where: Paris, Europe When: 1790-1848 Why: Charles X rejected the Legislature, limited the right to vote & restricted the press = angered French Radicals = they revolted & wanted to set up a Republic; ran Charles X out of France into England, but moderate Liberals kept monarchy

2. Louis Phillipe Who: Charles X’s cousin & successor, King What: chosen by the moderate liberals as Constitutional king after his absolutist cousin was kicked out When: 1830 Where: France Why: “citizen king” because he owed his throne to the people; he got along well with the liberal bourgeoisie; the upper bourgeoisie prospered under Louis; extended suffrage to wealthier citizens; favored the middle class at the expense of the workers

3. Recession Who: Louis Phillipe What: period of reduced economic activity When: 1840s Where: France Why: corruption of Louis Philippe’s gov’t = discontent & recession = factories shut down and people lost their jobs; poor harvest= caused bread prices to rise = French Revolution of 1848

4. Napoleon 3 rd Who: nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte What: emperor of France When: 1852 Where: France Why: After Rev of 1848 = 2 nd Republic created w. president & legislature = Louis Napolean won president b.c he attracted working classes = once in power, called himself Emperor= ended the short lived Second Republic & back to an empire = brought prosperity BUT foreign issues = collapse of his empire & French power

5. Louis Kossuth Who: Hungarian journalist What: led Hungarian Nationalists in Rev of 1848; demanded an independent government; an end to serfdom and a written constitution to protect basic rights Where: Austria When: 1790-1848 Why: Austrian gov’t agreed to reforms but gains were temporary; troops soon regained control & rebels were smashed