1. Work study

2. Work study literally implies study of human work. it concerns itself with better ways of doing things n control over the output of those things by setting standards with respect to time. early researchers in the field of mgt were concerned with motion study. W.Taylor and Gilberth provided the base for work study. work study was previously known as “time and motion study”. Method study and work measurement together comprise work study.

3. Method study is the systematic recording and critical examination of ways of doing things in order to make improvements. it is concerned with the way in which work is done.it is productivity improvement step, which helps to produce same output using less resources to produce more with a proportionately less increase in the inputs.

4. The basic approach to method study consists of the following eight steps: 1.SELECT the work to be studied and define its boundaries. 2.RECORD the relevant facts about the job by direct observation and collect such additional data as may be needed from appropriate sources. 3.EXAMINE the way the job is being performed and challenge its purpose, place, sequence and method of performance. 4.DEVELOP the most practical, economic and effective method. 5.EVALUATE different alternatives to developing a new improved method, and compare the cost-effectiveness of the selected new method with the current method of performance. 6.DEFINE the new method in a clear manner and present it to those concerned, management, supervisors and workers. 7.INSTALL the new method as standard practice and train the persons involved in applying it. 8.MAINTAIN the new method & introduce control procedures to prevent a drawback to the previous method of work.

5. Steps in detail Selection of job :while selecting the subjects for study, it is essential to keep in mind that the objective of method study is to improve the achievement by raising the level of prody and increasing satisfaction at work. hence, selection of job is a managerial responsibility as it is related with selection of job to increase the prodn, to improve quality. The selection of job is based on economic, technical and human consideration

6. Recording of facts : before discarding the existing method, adequate facts about the present system must b collected. precise and correct recording of facts related to method determines the success of next step. Method study uses graphical method to record completion time and labor reqd. etcthe graphical method uses foll five symbols

7. Symbol Type of Activities Description Operation Activities that modify, transform or give values to the output Transportation When materials are transported from one point to another. Inspection Measures standard of the in-process material, finished product or services Delay When in-process material is restrained in a location waiting for next activity Storage When in-process materials or finished products are stored in the storage area.

8. Critical examination : information collected r scrutinized in this stage and each part of job r critically examined to determine whether any part may b eliminated altogether or combined or changed in sequence to work efficiently. For the effective examination of facts, foll questions r asked What is done and why What that person do Where it is done and why there

9. When is it done and why then? How is it done and why this why? Develop the new method: alternatives selected r used to reshape n develop d new method, layout or procedure. so it involves analysis of creative ideas generated during critical examination and implementing these ideas practically. d development procedure goes thru 3 phases i.e. evaluation, investigation and selection.

10. Installation: implementation of proposed method is known as installation.. To install a method, decision must b taken on ordering of new plants or material, phasing in changes in prodn process, deciding the extent of training, introducing new documentation procedures, setting new quality standards. Hence it involves 2 stages recommendation and implementation.

11. Maintaining the method: after implementing a method, it is important to monitor d performance of d method. when a method is installed, it tends to change slowly for obvious small alterations made by operators or supervisors. A reference std (job instruction sheet) is needed against which the job can b compared to detect any alterations. and hence foll r d task to b performed in maintenance i.e. monitoring And control, audit the savings, review of the approach.

12. Objective of method study The basic objective of method study is to find better ways of doing things n to contribute to the improved efficiency by eliminating unnecessary work.foll r d objectives of method study. to identify the proper sequence of prodn To reduce idle time of operator To improve the working environment To identify problem area To choose right tools to enhance the tool life To choose right material,minimize wastage Better design of plans and equipments Optimum utilisation of resources

13. Work Measurement Work measurement is the process of establishing the time that a given task would take when performed by a qualified worker working at a defined level of performance. A qualified worker is one who has acquired the skill, knowledge and other attributes to carry out the work in hand to satisfactory standards of quantity, quality and safety. A goal of work measurement is to develop labor standards that can be used for planning and controlling operations.

14. Techniques of work measurement time study Work sampling Synthetic data Predetermined motion time standard( PMTS) Analytic estimating Ratio delay study (statistical sampling technique)

15. Objectives of work measurement The main ob jective of work measurement is to determine d amt of work involved in a method n d time reqd to complete that work. To know the reasons responsible for wastage of labor To compare the efficiency of all the alternative methods. To equally distribute the workload To suggest measures

16. Uses of work measurement Manning Planning Estimating prodn cost Cost reduction and cost control Improving methods Determining incentives Helps to judge the best alternative among others Tracking the performance

17. What is Productivity? Productivity is a common measure on how well resources are being used. In the broadest sense, it can be defined as the following ratio: Outputs Inputs Prody defines d quantitative relationship between output produced and input used. Prody index productivity index is used to compare the prody of a co. in a particular time interval with the prody during d base period

18. Factors affecting Productivity Nature n quality of raw material Utilisation of human resources Efficiency of plant and equipment Volume of prodn Benefits of high productivity –Fosters economic growth and development –Increases individual wages without inflation –Lowers costs and makes firms more competitive

19. Productivity Index Productivity Index PI =output (in particular time period )/ output (in base period)PI =output (in particular time period )/ output (in base period) The productivity index (P.I) can be more or less than 1.The productivity index (P.I) can be more or less than 1. P.I > 1 = business running efficiently P.I < 1 = business running inefficiently

20. Multi-Factor ProductivityOutput Labor + Material + Energy + Capital + Miscellaneous Productivity =  Also known as total factor productivity

21. Measures to improve prody Elaborate the objectives of co. Appoint right people for right job Effective prodn planning and control Reduce the complexity of product design Make work as flexible as can Use high quality prodn requirement Make value based decision

22. Goods Versus Services Table 1.3 Can be resold Can be inventoried Some aspects of quality measurable Selling is distinct from production Product is transportable Site of facility important for cost Attributes of Goods (Tangible Product) Attributes of Services (Intangible Product) Reselling unusual Difficult to inventory Quality difficult to measure Selling is part of service Provider, not product, is often transportable Site of facility important for customer contact

23. Productivity Calculations Productivity = Units produced Labor-hours used = = 4 units/labor-hour 1,000250 Labor Productivity

24. Multi-Factor ProductivityOutput Labor + Material + Energy + Capital + Miscellaneous Productivity =  Also known as total factor productivity

25. Productivity Variables Labor - contributes about 10% of the annual increase Capital - contributes about 32% of the annual increase Management - contributes about 52% of the annual increase