1. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation FIFTH EDITION by Steven S. Zumdahl University of Illinois

2. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2 Acids and Bases Chapter 15

3. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3 Properties of Acids Sour taste Change color of vegetable dyes React with “active” metals –Like Al, Zn, Fe, but not Cu, Ag or Au Zn + 2 HCl  ZnCl 2 + H 2 –Corrosive React with carbonates, producing CO 2 –Marble, baking soda, chalk CaCO 3 + 2 HCl  CaCl 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O React with bases to form ionic salts –And often water

4. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 Properties of Bases Also Known As Alkalis Taste bitter Feel slippery Change color of vegetable dyes –Different color than acid –Litmus = blue React with acids to form ionic salts –And often water –Neutralization

5. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5 Arrhenius Theory Acids ionize in water to H +1 ions and anions Bases ionize in water to OH -1 ions and cations Neutralization reaction involves H +1 combining with OH -1 to make water H + ions are protons Definition only good in water solution Definition does not explain why ammonia solutions turn litmus blue –Basic without OH - ions

6. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6 Brønsted-Lowery Theory H +1 transfer reaction –Since H +1 is a proton, also known as proton transfer reactions Acid is H + donor; Base is H + acceptor –Base must contain an unshared pair of electrons In the reaction, a proton from the acid molecule is transferred to the base molecule –H forms a bond to lone pair electrons on the base molecule –We consider only 1 H transferred in each reaction Products are called the Conjugate Acid and Conjugate Base –After reaction, the original acid is the conjugate base and the original base is changed to what is now called the conjugate acid

7. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7 Brønsted-Lowery Theory H-A + :B  A -1 + H-B +1 A -1 is the conjugate base, H-B +1 is the conjugate acid Conjugate Acid-Base Pair is either the original acid and its conjugate base or the original base and its conjugate acid –H-A and A -1 are a conjugate acid-base pair –:B and H-B +1 are a conjugate acid-base pair The conjugate base is always more negative than the original acid; and the conjugate acid is always more positive than the original base

8. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 Example #1 Determine what species you will get if you remove 1 H +1 from the acid –The Conjugate Base will have one more negative charge than the original acid H 3 PO 4  H +1 + H 2 PO 4 -1 Write the conjugate base for the acid H 3 PO 4

9. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 9 Brønsted-Lowery Theory In this theory, instead of the acid, HA, dissociating into H +1 (aq) and A -1 (aq); The acid donates its H to a water molecule HA + H 2 O  A -1 + H 3 O +1 A -1 is the conjugate base, H 3 O +1 is the conjugate acid H 3 O +1 is called hydronium ion In this theory, substances that do not have OH -1 ions can act as a base if they can accept a H +1 from water H 2 O + :B  OH -1 + H-B +1

10. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10 Strength of Acids & Bases The stronger the acid, the more willing it is to donate H Strong acids donate practically all their H’s HCl + H 2 O  H 3 O +1 + Cl -1 Strong bases will react completely with water to form hydroxides CO 3 -2 + H 2 O  HCO 3 -1 + OH -1 Weak acids donate a small fraction of their H’s –The process is reversible, the conjugate acid and conjugate base can react to form the original acid and base HC 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O  H 3 O +1 + C 2 H 3 O 2 -1 Only small fraction of weak base molecules pull H off water HCO 3 -1 + H 2 O  H 2 CO 3 + OH -1

11. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11 Multiprotic Acids Monoprotic acids have 1 acid H, diprotic 2, etc. –In oxyacids only the H on the O is acidic In strong multiprotic acids, like H 2 SO 4, only the first H is strong; transferring the second H is usually weak H 2 SO 4 + H 2 O  H 3 O +1 + HSO 4 -1 HSO 4 -1 + H 2 O  H 3 O +1 + SO 4 -2

12. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 Water as an Acid and a Base Amphoteric substances can act as either an acid or a base –Water as an acid, NH 3 + H 2 O  NH 4 +1 + OH -1 –Water as a base, HCl + H 2 O  H 3 O +1 + Cl -1 Water can even react with itself H 2 O + H 2 O  H 3 O +1 + OH -1

13. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13 Autoionization of Water Water is an extremely weak electrolyte –therefore there must be a few ions present H 2 O + H 2 O  H 3 O +1 + OH -1 all water solutions contain both H 3 O +1 and OH -1 –the concentration of H 3 O +1 and OH -1 are equal –[H 3 O +1 ] = [OH -1 ] = 10 -7 M @ 25°C K w = [H 3 O +1 ] x [OH -1 ] = 1 x 10 -14 @ 25°C –K w is called the ion product constant for water –as [H 3 O +1 ] increases, [OH - ] decreases

14. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14 Acidic and Basic Solutions acidic solutions have a larger [H +1 ] than [OH -1 ] basic solutions have a larger [OH -1 ] than [H +1 ] neutral solutions have [H +1 ]=[OH -1 ]= 1 x 10 -7 M [H +1 ] = 1 x 10 -14 [OH -1 ] [OH -1 ] = 1 x 10 -14 [H +1 ]

15. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15 Example #2 ¬Determine the given information and the information you need to find Given [H +1 ] = 10.0 MFind [OH -1 ] ­Solve the Equation for the Unknown Amount Determine the [H +1 ] and [OH -1 ] in a 10.0 M H +1 solution

16. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16 ®Convert all the information to Scientific Notation and Plug the given information into the equation. Given [H +1 ] = 10.0 M= 1.00 x 10 1 M K w = 1.0 x 10 -14 Example #2 Determine the [H +1 ] and [OH -1 ] in a 10.0 M H +1 solution

17. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17 pH & pOH The acidity/basicity of a solution is often expressed as pH or pOH pH = -log[H 3 O +1 ]pOH = -log[OH -1 ] –pH water = -log[10 -7 ] = 7 = pOH water [H +1 ] = 10 -pH [OH -1 ] = 10 -pOH pH 7 is basic, pH = 7 is neutral The lower the pH, the more acidic the solution; The higher the pH, the more basic the solution 1 pH unit corresponds to a factor of 10 difference in acidity pOH = 14 - pH

18. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18 Example #3 ¬Find the concentration of [H +1 ] Calculate the pH of a solution with a [OH -1 ] = 1.0 x 10 -6 M

19. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 19 ­Enter the [H +1 ] concentration into your calculator and press the log key log(1.0 x 10 -8 ) = -8.0 ®Change the sign to get the pH pH = -(-8.0) = 8.0 Example #3 Calculate the pH of a solution with a [OH -1 ] = 1.0 x 10 -6 M

20. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 20 ¬Enter the [H +1 ] or [OH -1 ]concentration into your calculator and press the log key log(1.0 x 10 -3 ) = -3.0 ­Change the sign to get the pH or pH pOH = -(-3) = 3.0 ®Subtract the calculated pH or pOH from 14.00 to get the other value pH = 14.00 – 3.0 = 11.0 Calculate the pH and pOH of a solution with a [OH -1 ] = 1.0 x 10 -3 M Example #4

21. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 21 ¬If you want to calculate [OH -1 ] use pOH, if you want [H +1 ] use pH. It may be necessary to convert one to the other using 14 = [H +1 ] + [OH -1 ] pOH = 14.00 – 7.41 = 6.59 ­Enter the pH or pOH concentration into your calculator ®Change the sign of the pH or pOH -pOH = -(6.59) ¯Press the button(s) on you calculator to take the inverse log or 10 x [OH -1 ] = 10 -6.59 = 2.6 x 10 -7 Example #5 Calculate the [OH -1 ] of a solution with a pH of 7.41

22. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22 Calculating the pH of a Strong, Monoprotic Acid A strong acid will dissociate 100% HA  H +1 + A -1 Therefore the molarity of H +1 ions will be the same as the molarity of the acid Once the H +1 molarity is determined, the pH can be determined pH = -log[H +1 ]

23. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 23 Example #6 ¬Determine the [H +1 ] from the acid concentration HNO 3  H +1 + NO 3 -1 0.10 M HNO 3 = 0.10 M H +1 ­Enter the [H +1 ] concentration into your calculator and press the log key log(0.10) = -1.00 ®Change the sign to get the pH pH = -(-1.00) = 1.00 Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M HNO 3 solution

24. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 24 Buffered Solutions Buffered Solutions resist change in pH when an acid or base is added to it. Used when need to maintain a certain pH in the system –Blood A buffer solution contains a weak acid and its conjugate base Buffers work by reacting with added H +1 or OH -1 ions so they do not accumulate and change the pH Buffers will only work as long as there is sufficient weak acid and conjugate base molecules present