2. Biochemistry Bio- = life or living things Chemistry = study of chemical compositions & reactions

3. Only 2 things in the Universe* Matter = anything that occupies space & has mass solid, liquid, & gas Energy = capacity to do work, kinetic & potential – Chemical energy: stored in chemical bonds – Electrical energy: movement of charged particles – Mechanical energy: directly moving matter – Radiant energy: electromagnetic waves

4. You are what you eat Food = contains chemicals that provide Energy & the structure of your body

5. Metabolism = the sum total of all chemical reactions in the body Quality of food = Quality of your metabolism Food Diary assignment

6. Atoms  Molecules  Cells Atoms ( elements ) C, H, O, & N are 96% of the body – Carl Sagan video – Nucleus: protons (+) & neutrons (0)Shell: electrons (-) – Isotopes: same atomic numbers, different atomic weights – Radioisotopes: larger, unstable, atomic decay called radioactivity – Radioisotopes used in medicine, PET scans to see physiology Molecules ( compounds ) chemical bonds (energy) – ionic bonds (takes or gives electrons, forms ions) – covalent bonds (sharing electrons) Ions (charged particles) can be either atoms or molecules cations = positive charge anions = negative charge

7. 2 major classes of biological compounds -Inorganic (no carbon) -Organic (contains carbon)* * don’t confuse this chemistry term with the term for organic foods ( foods without pesticides, antibiotics, or hormones )

8. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS chemicals that do not contain carbon water- most abundant & important, 60-80% of most cells salts- ionic compounds containing ions other than H+ & OH- salts of many metals are common in the body ex: NaCl, Ca 2 CO 3, KCl Ca 3 PO 4 most plentiful salt, hardness of bones & teeth, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, transports oxygen with red blood cells, enzymes

9. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS pH scale- 1 ( acid ), 7 ( water ), 14 ( base or alkaline ) Acids- digestion HCl in stomach, Acetic Acid, & Carbonic Acid are produced in the body Bases- Bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 -) is abundant in the blood, Ammonia (NH 3 ) common waste product of protein breakdown

10. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS contain carbon, covalently bonded, many are large carbon never loses or gains electrons, always shares them four valence shell electrons, forms four bonds with other elements found in long chains or rings uniquely suited for specific roles in the body 4 categories of organic molecules in the body: Proteins CarbohydratesThese are also Lipids (fats)called “macromolecules” Nucleic Acids because they are large.

11. Jigsaw Activity 4 categories of organic molecules in the body: 1.Proteins3. Lipids (fats) 2.Carbohydrates4. Nucleic Acids Directions: Use your textbook & resource materials to find information for your given organic molecule. Poster to include: title, monomers ( building blocks ), polymers (at least 3 or more examples), describe the structure, describe the function, draw at least 2 pictures showing structure and/ or function, be able to present & answer questions

15. You have notes on the 4 organic chemicals of life but a couple more examples… Carbohydrates = glucose, ribose, deoxyribose, fructose, galactose, lactose (in milk), sucrose (table sugar), starch (in plants), cellulose (in plants), glycogen (in animals), chitin (in animals & fungi) Proteins = hemoglobin (in blood), collagen (in skin), elastin (structure), myosin & actin (muscles), keratin (hair & nails), enzymes (catalysts), hormones* (messengers), insulin (hormone), albumin (egg white) Lipids = triglycerides, waxes, oils, steroids (includes some hormones*), cholesterol Nucleic Acids = DNA & RNA

16. How to build polymers Polymers are long repeating chains on monomers Dehydration Synthesis joins monomers by “taking” H 2 O out one monomer donates OH – one monomer donates H + also called a condensation reaction (this process takes energy & enzymes) H2OH2O HO H HH

17. How to break down a polymer Digestion, also called Hydrolysis use H 2 O to break down polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis H 2 O is split into H + and OH – (requires enzymes & releases energy) H2OH2O HOH H H

18. Enzymes Act as a catalyst Lowers activation energy Works like a lock and key Binds to a substrate Blah, blah, blah, finish later…

19. Any Questions??

20. Group Activity – sticky notes designate a “runner” & two “recorders” write each example on a separate sticky note discuss each example with group members runner places sticky note on correct word wall Examples: cellulose triglycerides elastin galactosewax glycogen potassium chloride salt steroidsfructose cellulosecollagen lardlactosechitin ammonia sodium chloride waterinsulinribose hemoglobin myosin & actin RNAkeratin starch enzymescarbonic acid sucrose hormonesoil albuminpolypeptides deoxyribosecholesterolDNA

21. Cut & Paste Polymer synthesis activity each group member gets one (molecule) sheet of paper DON’T cut any molecular bond until you have found another to bond with color each drop of water blue Carbohydrates = synthesize long chains of glycogen using all the glucose in your group & attach water molecules in correct spots Proteins = synthesize a polypeptide molecule using all the amino acids in your group & attach water molecules in correct spots Lipids = synthesize either a saturated or an unsaturated lipid using the glycerol & fatty acids in your group; attach water molecules Nucleic Acids = synthesize a DNA molecule using all the nucleotides in your group; color all parts of the nucleotide ( ribose = red, phosphate = blue, G= green, C= yellow, A= purple, T= orange )