1. Biological Approach Methods

2. Other METHODS of studying biological traits??? How else can you examine biological links to behaviour? Brain storm

3. Link to Issues and Debates: Nature-nurture ?? Where do you stand? Aggression is a biological trait.

4. Using twin studies One way of finding out whether a disorder has a genetic component is to see whether it runs in families. If relatives of sufferers have a higher than average risk of getting the disorder themselves, then it may be that the disorder has a genetic component. However, family members typically share similar environments. Consequently, increased risk amongst close relatives may simply indicate that that are exposed to the same set of environmental risks. An alternative approach is to do a twin study. This looks at the concordance rate (degree of similarity) of twins with respect to the disorder being considered. Concordance rates means the probability of one twin having the disorder if the other already has it expressed as a percentage

5. TWIN Study In a twin study, MZ (identical) and DZ (non- identical) twins are compared. Whilst MZ twins have a greater degree of genetic similarity, both types of twin pair grow up in identical environments. So if we discover that MZ twins have a higher concordance, this cannot be because their environments are more similar than those of DZ twins; it must therefore be because their genes are more similar.

7. Describe the findings of the graph (3 marks)

8. Gottesman and Shields (1966) 1) What was the aim of the study? 2) Who did they look at (who made up their sample)? 3) What types of twins did they study? 4) List two results. 5) List at least one conclusion they drew from their results. 6) What is a problem with this kind of research? 7) Why is this kind of research important? 8) How can it be applied today?

9. GOTTESMAN AND SHIELDS RECAP QUIZ: 1.What was the aim of the study? 2.Define monozygotic 3. What was the sample size? 4. What gender were the participants? 5.What were the concordance rates found? 6.Give an example of primary data used in this study 7.Give an example of secondary data used in this study 8.State one finding of the study (this must be more than just stating the concordance rates) 9.State one conclusion 10.Given that 100% concordance rate was not found, state one other factor that may have influenced the development of schizophrenia

10. Adoption Studies Aim: is behaviour nature or nurture? Procedure: What do you think they do and why?

11. Cadoret and Stewart(1991) Aim, procedure and findings and conclusion This study used an adoption design to investigate the relationships among genetic background, environmental factors, and clinical outcome of attention deficit/hyperactivity and aggressivity, of 283 male adoptees. Adopted boys had an increase risk of ADHD and aggression as children if they had a biological parent who had been convicted of a crime in adulthood. The more psychiatric problems in members of the adoptive family the more likely the boy had a diagnosis of ADHD or were rated as aggressive. This suggests that….

12. Adoption Studies TASK: Write two paragraphs to highlight strengths and weaknesses of adoption studies to investigate behaviour Help: Longitudinal design – participant attrition Correlation not causation Useful Applications – treatment/prevention

13. Stretch and challenge: In what ways do these two studies provide evidence for the nature/nurture debate?

14. Learning objectives: 1)To understand one adoption and one twin study 2)2) To compare methodologies of adoption and twin studies 3)To evaluate the different methods to investigate behaviour

15. Exam questions Explain why studying children who have been adopted and reared apart from their biological family can help to study the nature-nurture debate (6 marks) Discuss issues involved in twin and adoption studies (12 marks) Compare twin and adoption studies (8 marks)