1. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 1 A Fourier Series Kicker for the TESLA Damping Rings George Gollin Department of Physics University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign LCRD 2.22

2. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 2 Introduction The TESLA damping ring fast kicker must inject/eject every n th bunch, leaving adjacent bunches undisturbed. The minimum bunch separation inside the damping rings (which determines the size of the damping rings) is limited by the kicker design. We are investigating a “Fourier series kicker” in which a series of rf kicking cavities is used to create a kicking function with periodic zeroes and an occasional spike.

3. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 3 Outline Overview TESLA damping rings and kickers how a “Fourier series kicker” might work p T and dp T /dt Flattening the kicker’s dp T /dt Some of the other points: finite separation of the kicker elements timing errors at injection/extraction Conclusions

4. I PhysicsP I llinois 4 Illinois participants in LCRD 2.22 Guy Bresler (REU student, from Princeton) Keri Dixon (senior thesis student, from UIUC) George Gollin (professor) Mike Haney (engineer, runs HEP electronics group) Tom Junk (professor) We benefit from good advice from people at Fermilab and Cornell. In particular: Dave Finley, Vladimir Shiltsev, Gerry Dugan, and Joe Rogers.

5. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 5 Overview: linac and damping ring beams Linac beam (TESLA TDR): 2820 bunches, 337 nsec spacing (~ 300 kilometers) Cool an entire pulse in the damping rings before linac injection Damping ring beam (TESLA TDR): 2820 bunches, ~20 nsec spacing (~ 17 kilometers) Eject every n th bunch into linac (leave adjacent bunches undisturbed) 17 km damping ring circumference is set by the minimum bunch spacing in the damping ring: Kicker speed is the limiting factor.

6. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 6 Overview: TESLA TDR fast kicker Fast kicker specs (à la TDR):  B dl = 100 Gauss-meter = 3 MeV/c (= 30 MeV/m  10 cm) stability/ripple/precision ~.07 Gauss-meter = 0.07 TDR design: bunch “collides” with electromagnetic pulses traveling in the opposite direction inside a series of traveling wave structures. TDR Kicker element length ~50 cm; impulse ~ 3 Gauss-meter. (Need 20-40 elements.) Structures dump each electromagnetic pulse into a load.

7. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 7 Something new: a “Fourier series kicker” Fourier series kicker would be located in a bypass section. While damping, beam follows the dog bone-shaped path (solid line). During injection/extraction, deflectors route beam through bypass (straight) section. Bunches are kicked onto/off orbit by kicker.

8. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 8 Fourier series kicker Kicker would be a series of N “rf cavities” oscillating at harmonics of the linac bunch frequency 1/(337 nsec) = 2.97 MHz:

9. I PhysicsP I llinois 9 Original idea Run transverse kicking cavities at 3 MHz, 6 MHz, 9 MHz,… Cavities oscillate in phase with equal amplitudes. Problems: slope at zero-crossings might induce head-tail differences; LOTS of different cavity designs (one per frequency)

10. I PhysicsP I llinois 10 Better idea: permits one (tunable) cavity design Run transverse kicking cavities at much higher frequency; split the individual cavity frequencies by 3 MHz. Still a problem: finite slope at zero-crossings. Kicked bunches are here …undisturbed bunches are here (call these “major zeroes”) 1234567891010

11. I PhysicsP I llinois dp T /dt considerations We’d like the slopes of the p T curves when not-to-be-kicked bunches pass through the kicker to be as small as possible so that the head, center, and tail of a (20 ps rms) bunch will experience about the same field integral. 1 nsec 1% of kick p T in the vicinity of two zeroes

12. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 12 Phasors: visualizing the p T kick The horizontal component of the phasor (vector) sum indicates p T. Here’s a four-phasor sum as an example:

13. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 13 Phasors when p T = 0 (30 cavities) zero #3zero #4

14. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 14 Flattening out d p T /d t at the zero-crossings How large a value of dp T /dt is acceptable? rms bunch length: 20 psec (6 mm) maximum allowable kick error: ~.07% A plot for a 30 cavities system is shown on the next slide.

15. I PhysicsP I llinois Flattening out d p T /d t at the zero-crossings ~maximum allowable value 30-cavity system: p T error vs. bunch number, one pass through the kicker. Probably not good enough.

16. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 16 More dramatic d p T /d t reduction… …is possible with different amplitudes A j in each of the cavities. We (in particular Guy Bresler) figured this out last summer Bresler’s algorithm finds sets of amplitudes which have dp T /dt = 0 at evenly-spaced “major zeroes” in p T. There are lots of different possible sets of amplitudes which will work.

17. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 17 More dramatic d p T /d t reduction… Here’s one set for a 29-cavity system (which makes 28 zeroes in p T and dp T /dt in between kicks), with 300 MHz, 303 MHz,…:

18. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 18 Kick corresponding to those amplitudes The “major zeroes” aren’t quite at the obvious symmetry points.

19. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 19 Some of the zeroes… Note that they also satisfy dp T /dt = 0.

20. I PhysicsP I llinois How well do we do with these amplitudes? Old, equal-amplitudes scheme: ~maximum allowable value New, intelligently-selected-amplitudes scheme: ~maximum allowable value Wow! bunch number

21. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 21 Multiple passes through the kicker Previous plots were for a single pass through the kicker. Most bunches make multiple passes through the kicker. Modeling of effects associated with multiple passes must take into account damping ring’s synchrotron tune (0.10 in TESLA TDR) horizontal tune (72.28 in TESLA TDR) We (in particular, Keri Dixon) worked on this last summer. With equal-amplitude cavities some sort of compensating gizmo on the injection/extraction line (or immediately after the kicker) is probably necessary. However…

22. I PhysicsP I llinois 22 Multiple passes through the kicker …selecting amplitudes to zero out p T slopes fixes the problem! Here’s a worst-case plot for 300 MHz,… (assumes tune effects always work against us). maximum allowed value bunch number

23. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 23 Phasors with amplitudes chosen to give dp T /dt = 0 and p T = 0 (29 cavities) zero #1zero #2 The phasor sums show less geometrical symmetry. (Who cares?)

24. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 24 Phasors with amplitudes chosen to give dp T /dt = 0 and p T = 0 (29 cavities) zero #3zero #4 etc.

25. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 25 It looks promising. Cavity amplitude stability and phase stability seem to be the next issue to investigate. GG will spend a couple of days a week at Fermilab as a visiting scientist calendar year 2004 to work on Linear Collider issues, including kickers. Stay tuned—

26. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 26 Budget items 1.two undergraduates: full time during the summer, ~5-10 hours per week per student during the academic year, indirect costs. ~ $14k per year 2.PC’s for students ~ $6k, first year only 3.small amount of travel

27. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 27 Comments on doing this at a university Participation by talented undergraduate students makes LCRD 2.22 work as well as it does. The project is well-suited to undergraduate involvement. We get most of our work done during the summer: we’re all free of academic constraints (teaching/taking courses). The schedule for evaluating our progress must take this into account. Last summer support for students came from (NSF-sponsored) REU program. We borrowed PC’s from the UIUC Physics Department instructional resources pool. This summer we’d like to support them with grant money.

28. I PhysicsP I llinois George Gollin, LCRD 2004 28 Conclusions We haven’t found any obvious show-stoppers yet. It seems likely that intelligent selection of cavity amplitudes will provide us with a useful way to null out some of the problems present in a more naïve scheme. We will begin studying issues relating to precision and stability later this winter… This is a lot of fun.