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Raphaël Granier de Cassagnac Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet PHENIX experiment For the CTP symposium, Cairo, 11-14 March 2007.

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Presentation on theme: "Raphaël Granier de Cassagnac Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet PHENIX experiment For the CTP symposium, Cairo, 11-14 March 2007."— Presentation transcript:

1 Raphaël Granier de Cassagnac Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet PHENIX experiment For the CTP symposium, Cairo, 11-14 March 2007

2 ~ 98% from QCD + 02% from Higgs ! ~ 98% poorly understood + 02% not yet seen…  We are mostly made of confinement…  Thus, let’s look at deconfinement… (ok, this is only ~5% of the universe  ) 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 2

3  Strong interaction is weak at high energies  Asymptotic freedom  Lattice QCD predicts a phase transition from a Hadron Gas to a Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP)  T c ~ 190 MeV (2x10 12 K)  ε c ~ 1 GeV/fm 3 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 3 Karsch et al, hep-lat/0106019 Lect. Notes Phys.583 (2002) 209 Karsch et al, hep-lat/0106019 Lect. Notes Phys.583 (2002) 209 Energy density / T 4  Doesn’t tell us much about the matter’s properties (equation of state, order of phase transition…)  Doesn’t tell us much about the matter’s properties (equation of state, order of phase transition…)

4  Strongly coupled N=4 super Yang Mills theory  Super QCD  Super QGP  Weakly coupled type IIB string theory on AdS 5 xS 5  Dual gravity  Black hole 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 4 Juan Maldacena, ATMP 38 (1999) 1113 (>4500 citations) Juan Maldacena, ATMP 38 (1999) 1113 (>4500 citations) Anti de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory correspondence  Can predict some properties (viscosity/entropy, quenching …)  Can predict some properties (viscosity/entropy, quenching …)

5 1. Early in the universe (t < 10μs)  But very little chance to leave relics  Cold dark matter clumps ?  Inhomogeneous nucleosynthesis ?  Baryonic CDM (strange nuggets) ? 2. Core of a compact star  No smoking gun candidate so far 3. In the lab, by colliding heavy ions  Freedom for the quarks…  … for some 10 –23 s 13/03/2007 5 What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr

6  Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider @ Brookhaven National Lab.  First collisions in 2000, running  2 large (STAR & PHENIX) + 2 small (PHOBOS & BRAHMS) experiments  Can collide anything from p+p (up to 500GeV) to Au+Au (up to 200GeV per nucleon pairs) 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 6 STAR PHENIX PHOBOS BRAHMS

7  Predict a QGP signature  Look at it versus A+A collision centrality →  Compare to p+p  Hard probes should behave R AA = 1  Compare to p+A (or d+A)  Check that normal nuclear matter cannot account for deviations…  Non zero impact parameter  Number of spectators  Number of participants N part  Number of NN collisions N coll 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 7 R AA = d 2 N AuAu /dydp T d 2 N PP /dydp T x x y z  Derive a QGP property (temperature, density…)  Derive a QGP property (temperature, density…)

8 1. Total multiplicity 2. High p T suppression 3. Back to back jets 4. Elliptic flow 5. Baryon/meson 6. Heavy flavor ~ “Color Glass Condensate” ~ “Perfect fluid” 7. J/ψ suppression 8. Thermal radiation 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 8 But they are not the only ones! “There was a general feeling that if the quark-gluon plasma was indeed produced, it would manifest itself in a variety of unknown but dramatic ways, including… the end of the world” H. Satz @ Lattice 2000 hep-ph/0009099 ~ “Jet quenching”

9  dN ch /dη| η=0 ~ 670  (6000 particles total)  Less than expected!  1000 from p+p fragmentation  Low x Bj gluon start to overlap, recombine, saturate…  (even more at forward rapidity)  “Color Glass Condensate”  dE T /dη| η=0 related to energy density  ε > 6 GeV/fm 3 > ε c ! 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 9 PRL 91 (2003) 052303 dN ch /dη η CENTRALITYCENTRALITY  The (initial) matter saturates @ LHC, even worse ! x Bj < 10 –3 dN ch /dη| η=0 ~ 1600 – 2100  The (initial) matter saturates @ LHC, even worse ! x Bj < 10 –3 dN ch /dη| η=0 ~ 1600 – 2100

10  RHIC smoking gun signature !  Two PRL covers  Energy loss in the matter, looking at high p T (>2GeV)  Mostly from jet fragmentation  “Jet quenching” 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 10 hadrons q q leading particle leading particle p-p q q hadrons leading particle hadrons leading particle A-A

11 Au-Au (80-92%)d+Au (60-88%) 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 11 (slightly old, but pedagogical, data) PHENIX, PRL 91 (2003) 072303

12 Au-Au (50-60%)d+Au (40-60%) 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 12 PHENIX, PRL 91 (2003) 072303 (slightly old, but pedagogical, data)

13 Au-Au (20-30%)d+Au (20-40%) 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 13 PHENIX, PRL 91 (2003) 072303 (slightly old, but pedagogical, data)

14 Au-Au (0-10%)d+Au (0-20%) 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 14 PHENIX, PRL 91 (2003) 072303 Suppression by a factor 5 ! « Cronin effect » Multiple scattering of initial partons (slightly old, but pedagogical, data)

15 13/03/2007 15 What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr Blind photons!  The matter is dense ! >1000 gluons per Δy @ LHC, gamma-jet studies will tell us more…  The matter is dense ! >1000 gluons per Δy @ LHC, gamma-jet studies will tell us more… p T (GeV) Photon: PRL94 (2005) 232301 Eta: PRC 75 (2007) 024909 Vitev & Gyulassy PRL82 (2002) 252301 Photon: PRL94 (2005) 232301 Eta: PRC 75 (2007) 024909 Vitev & Gyulassy PRL82 (2002) 252301

16 13/03/2007 16 What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr ? Quite difficult in Au+Au central collisions @ 200 GeV Easy in 200 GeV proton+proton collisions

17 Peripheral collisions (60-80%)Central collisions (0-5%) 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 17 Same jet Opposite jet In central collision, opposite jets disappear because of jet quenching Take a “trigger” particle (p T >4GeV) and look at the others (p T >2GeV) azimuth

18  As always, it is very important to check for d+Au 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 18 STAR, PRL 91 (2003) 072304  The matter is opaque! @ LHC, full jet reconstruction…  The matter is opaque! @ LHC, full jet reconstruction…

19 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 19 STAR, PRL93 (2004) 252301 In or out ? Mach cone ? Speed of sound ~0.45 ? Horner, QM06 The ridge… Putschke, QM06 3 particle correlation Zhang, QM06

20  Pressure gradient  v 2 = 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 20 x y z  Strong collective behavior PHENIX, PRL 91 (2003) 182301 Huovinen & al, PLB 503 (2001) 58 PHENIX, PRL 91 (2003) 182301 Huovinen & al, PLB 503 (2001) 58 φ reaction plane

21  Ideal hydrodynamics…  QGP EoS,  Early thermalization  (0.6 fm/c)  High density  (~30 GeV/fm 3 )  Little need for viscosity!  (first estimations approach the AdS/CFT estimates η/s =  /4π) … reproduces fairly well 1. Single hadron p T spectra  (mass dependence)  ~ 0.6 2. Elliptic flow  Not the foreseen ideal partonic gas!  “sQGP” (s stands for strong, not super )  “Perfect fluid” 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 21  The matter is strongly interacting and liquid like @LHC, could it approach a quark gluon gas ?  The matter is strongly interacting and liquid like @LHC, could it approach a quark gluon gas ?

22 With eccentricity vs N ch density ε = / With the kinetic energy per constituent quarks 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 22 PHENIX, nucl-ex/0608033 Voloshin & Pokskanzer, PLB 474 (2000) 27 V2/nqV2/nq KE T /n q

23  Baryon favored  Not fragmentation!  Coalescence or recombination 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 23 STAR, PRL 97 (152301) 2006  The matter is partonic @LHC, even more thermalized  The matter is partonic @LHC, even more thermalized

24  Electrons from heavy flavor's decay suffer (large) quenching and flow! Was a surprise!  Thermalization?  What makes the charm quench ?  Gluon density is to low!  Beauty contribution?  Elastic energy loss?  Not well understood yet 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 24  The matter is tough… D,B → e + … PHENIX, nucl-ex/0611018

25  J/ψ (cc) can melt in QGP  Golden signature @ SPS (@ CERN √s ~ 20 GeV) → QGP discovery claim  @RHIC, same rapidity, suppression look surprisingly similar  While density is higher  Stronger @ forward  While density is lower  But beware of cold matter! 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 25 PHENIX, nucl-ex/06110120

26  Cold nuclear matter effects extrapolated from d+Au collisions  Still, more suppression at forward than mid rapidity…  Could be a sign of recombination ?  However J/ψ do melt ! 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 26 ±11% global systematics ±35% global systematics ±30% global systematics 44± 23% 25±12%  The matter is deconfining @ LHC recombination R AA >1? @ LHC Upsilon studies !  The matter is deconfining @ LHC recombination R AA >1? @ LHC Upsilon studies ! RGdC, hep-ph/0701022

27 13/03/2007 27 What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr The matter is hot ! @LHC, T ~ 1 GeV ? The matter is hot ! @LHC, T ~ 1 GeV ? Photon spectrum is fairly reproduced by: @ high p T prompt photon (pQCD) @ low p T thermal photons (T~400 – 600 MeV >> T c ) PHENIX, PRL94 (2005) 232301 Virtual photon are preliminary + various theory papers PHENIX, PRL94 (2005) 232301 Virtual photon are preliminary + various theory papers

28  Even if we have  Neither seen an order parameter of the phase transition  Nor counted its degrees of freedom  The matter is:  Gluon saturated, dense and opaque, strongly interacting and liquid-like, partonic and deconfining, tough and hot… … thus likely to be a quark-gluon plasma  Bibliography :  Quark matter 2006 conference (Shanghai)  Experimental “white papers” :  Interesting reviews showing up, for instance: 13/03/2007 28 What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr NPA757 (2005), PHENIX : nucl-ex/0410003 D d’Enterria, nucl-ex/0611012 http://www.sinap.ac.cn/qm2006/

29 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 29

30 ~ Transverse energy @ y=0 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 30 Bjorken formula  0 formation time 0,35 à 1 fm/c R = nuclear radius 1.18 A 1/3 fm dy dE T R20R20 1 == x y=0  > 6 GeV/fm 3 Participants number Bjorken, PRD27 (1983) 140

31 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 31 P. Kolb and R. Rapp, PRC 67 044903 (2003) P. Kolb and R. Rapp, PRC 67 044903 (2003)

32 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 32 N coll scaling 25% systematics (need for a vertex detector) 10 to 20 cc pairs PHENIX, PRL 94 (2005) 082301

33 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 33 Two CNM methods agree quite well (shadowing+absorption by Vogt and dA-driven Glauber by RGdC) Clear anomalous suppression (stronger @ y~1.7) y~1.7 y~0 R. Vogt, nucl-th/0507027 RGdC, Quark Matter 06 R. Vogt, nucl-th/0507027 RGdC, Quark Matter 06

34  Recombination…  SPS like… 13/03/2007What's the matter ? - raphael@in2p3.fr 34 Capella & Ferreiro, hep-ph/0610313 Capella & Ferreiro, hep-ph/0610313 R. Rapp & al., nucl-th/0608033 Yan, Zhuang, Xu, nucl-th/0608010 R. Rapp & al., nucl-th/0608033 Yan, Zhuang, Xu, nucl-th/0608010 R. Rapp et al.PRL 92, 212301 (2004) R. Thews et al, Eur. Phys. J C43, 97 (2005) Yan, Zhuang, Xu, nucl-th/0608010 Bratkovskaya et al., PRC 69, 054903 (2004) A. Andronic et al., nucl-th/0611023 R. Rapp et al.PRL 92, 212301 (2004) R. Thews et al, Eur. Phys. J C43, 97 (2005) Yan, Zhuang, Xu, nucl-th/0608010 Bratkovskaya et al., PRC 69, 054903 (2004) A. Andronic et al., nucl-th/0611023

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