1. Protein Synthesis

2. RNA vs. DNA Both nucleic acids – Chains of nucleotides Different: – Sugar – Types of bases – Numbers of bases – Number of chains – Site of action – Function

3. Types of RNA Messenger RNA- mRNA- Dictates the order of amino acids in a protein using a series of three bases codons. Ribosomal RNA- rRNA- Major component of the ribosome Transfer RNA- tRNA- Transports the correct amino acid to the ribosome based on the codon in the mRNA

4. Protein Synthesis Gene → Protein – Transcription: DNA → RNA – Translation: RNA → Protein

5. Transcription Nucleotide → nucleotide – DNA → RNA Template strand or coding strand of DNA RNA polymerase

6. Transcription RNA polymerase – Finds “promoter” region – Stops at “terminator” sequence Produces pre-mRNA Where must this occur? – Adds complementary nucleotides to template strand making the mRNA

7. Why thymine vs. uracil? Not on test Why thymine rather than uracil in DNA? Cytosine is easily changed to uracil by removing a amine group: Occurs about 100 times per cell, per day. If DNA used uracil the cell would not know if that uracil was supposed to be there or if it was supposed to be cytosine. DNA has thymine so the cell can easily recognize that when cytosine is changed to uracil there is a problem because uracil should not be in the DNA. Cytosine Uracil This would cause major mutations!

8. Modification Introns – internal sequences that will be cut out Exons – sequences that will not be cut out RNA splicing – cuts out introns and rejoins exons This is not part of the model we are using

9. Translation Nucleotide → amino acid – Ribosomes are within cytosol – Requires mRNA, tRNA and rRNA – Final product is a polypeptide

10. The mRNA Strand is Read as a Series of Codons to Make a Protein Each unique sequence of three bases is called a codon There are 64 codons that make up the information in the genetic code

11. Genetic Code Codon – sequence of three (3) nucleotides Genetic Code – translates codons into amino acids

12. Translation mRNA – template for translation tRNA – attaches to amino acids – Anticodon: complementary binds to the codon of mRNA and

13. Initiation Ribosome, made of rRNA and proteins, binds to mRNA The ribosome travels down the mRNA until it finds the start codon Methionine tRNA binds to start codon

14. Elongation The next codon signals its respective tRNA to enter the ribosome and alines with the previous tRNA The two amino acids are brought close together so that they can be bound together.

15. Elongation Once the two amino acids are bond together the mRNA and tRNAs are moved The next tRNA is brought in This allows the correct amino acids to be brought close contact so they can be bound together in the correct sequence.

16. This process continues down the length of the mRNA resulting in a complete polypeptide with amino acids in the correct order. The process ends when a stop codon enters the ribosome Elongation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5mS2ls

17. Practice: Translate & Transcribe Coding Sequence: TAC CCG GAT ACC

18. Another Way to Display at the Genetic Code

19. Types of Mutations Substitution – replacement of one base for another – Can be bad – Can be good – Could not effect protein (silent) – Could add a start or stop codon!

20. Types of Mutations: Frameshift Mutation Insertion or deletion of nucleotides not in multiples of three Sequence is “non- sense” Alters amino acids “downstream” from site OriginalThe fat cat ate the wee rat. Frame Shift The fat caa tet hew eer at.

21. Example: Tay-Sachs Disease Insertion or a deletion (there are many forms of Tay- Sachs) in the HEXA gene Shown is one of the mutations with insertion of four base pairs results in frameshift mutation Lack enzyme that breaks down lipids in brain Results in death of brain cells, poor muscles, etc This form of Tay-Sachs usually causes death by 4 years old

22. Review: Steps of Transcription 1.RNA polymerase travels along the DNA until it hits a promoter that is turned on 2.The DNA unzips 3.RNA polymerase brings in complementary RNA nucleotides to make the RNA strand 4.When RNA polymerase hits the terminator sequence on the DNA it stops making the RNA

23. Review: Steps of Translation mRNA and the ribosome bind together The ribosome travels down the mRNA until it finds the start codon tRNA, with its attached amino acid, comes into the ribosome and the anticodon on the tRNA binds to the codon on the mRNA This brings the amino acids together in the correct order for a peptide bond to occur This continues down the mRNA stringing together amino acids to make a protein.