1. Media: Prior, Under and After Martial Law Prepared By: Mr. M.M.Salvador

2. From Independence to ML From the independence we had after several colonizers economic struggle seemed to pre-occupy the nation. In spite of the situation 19 newspapers were reported to be among the first publications as per Jose Luna Castro (1990) De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

3. From Independence to ML Circulation of vernacular magazines increased from pre-war to post-war periods (Ofreneo,1986). MB and Philippine Herald were revived after the war, Tribune was renamed Manila Times, which became the leader in terms of printing technology and prize winning reportage (Castro, 1990) De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

4. From Independence to ML The Manila Times also had the largest audited circulation – 250, 000 – until ML was declared in 1972 (Maslog, 1988) Commercial TV appeared in the Philippine market in 1953, 7 years after it was sold in USA. De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

5. From Independence to ML The pioneer tv station in the Philippines was Channel TV (DZAQ-TV), owned by Antonio Quirino, and was later sold to Lopez family. 5 TV stations in Manila (1962),18 channels/ privately owned (1988) De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

6. Under Martial Law Proclamation No. 1081 was declared September 21, 1972. Marcos abolished Congress, reorganized the bureaucracy, and became the sole legislator issuing decrees, proclamations, letters of instructions and executive orders. De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

7. Under Martial Law Press censorship occurred – publication, radio and tv stations were even ordered closed until given a permit to operate. Dept. of Public Information was created under the office of the President. The press secretary and secretary of national defense were instructed to take over control of all communications media. Scores of journalists, especially those critical of the national leadership, were arrested and jailed. De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

8. Under Martial Law Media outfits operated by the cronies of the president were permitted to operate. Government stations were operated by the National Media Production Center (NMPC) and the Philippine Broadcasting Service. The crony media included the Daily Express and the Kanlaon Broadcasting System (which became Radio Philippines Network) De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

9. Under Martial Law Newspaper, radio and radio stations were allowed to resume operations after they submit to loyalty check and vow to toe to official line. Aside from censorship, there were libel suits, and worse- intimidation, closure and even death. Some 25 journalists were killed between 1976-1986 (Maslog, 1988) De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

10. Under Martial Law Lessons from ML history (Maslog) 1.First when new is censored in an authoritarian society, rumors and gossip will proliferate because people become starved for information. 2. Second, when the mass media are muzzled, there is no check to government abuse and graft and corruption become rampant. De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

11. Under Martial Law 3. Third, when the press is gagged, it deteriorates. Journalists lose their initiative in gathering and commenting on the news, they lose their self-respect and in the long run the press, loses credibility. And without credibility the press is lost. 4. Fourth, when a government tries to hide the truth, it may succeed at first. But in the long run, the truth will come out from other sources. When that happens, people will lose their trust in their government. And when the government loses credibility, everything is lost. De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

12. Under Martial Law 5. Fifth, with the rise of modern communications technology, like the Xerox machine and video cassettes, it is no longer possible for any society, however authoritarian, to impose complete or near complete censorship. 6. Finally, people will always demand to know the truth, and they will eventually get it from whatever sources, by whatever means. And then the truth will make them free. De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

13. Under Martial Law Mass Media Council (Media Advisory Council) replaced by Phil. Council for Print Media was set up by regulatory bodies under Marcos regime, but none succeeded in cleansing the journalism profession. In absence of credible press, people turned to ALTERNATIVE PRESS, which includes “xerox journalism.” De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

14. Democracy Restored Constitutional Commission was founded after Pres. Aquino took over (1986) The commission had drafted a new Constitution, and the following year the 1987 Constitution was ratified in a plebiscite. De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

15. Democracy Restored The following provisions concerning the communication media were included: 1. The bill of rights which mentions not just freedom of speech and the press but also of expression, and the right of people to information De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

16. Democracy Restored 2. The ownership and management of mass media is expressly limited to Filipino citizens. 3. The advertising industry is likewise restricted to Filipino citizens or corporations or associations where at least seventy percent of the capital is owned by them. De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

17. Democracy Restored “ The Philippine press and other mass media are free and independent from government control. Most media is privately owned and directed. The government directly owns three broadcast networks and one newspaper chain. As an institution, the Philippine print and broadcast media follow the tenets of democratic libertarianism and operate under the free enterprise system.” ( Jamias 1999 ) De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

18. Democracy Restored “ The Philippine media thrive on controversy. Except for government- owned broadcast agencies and one government-run newspaper chain, they are bold, hard-hitting, and generally critical of government. Philippine newspapers regularly print exposes on official corruption and abuse of power; their commentaries, especially on official wrong doing are often strident and hard hitting.” ( Coronel 1996 ) De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

19. Democracy Restored “ The media have imparted balance and fairness in the coverage of the issues rending the nation apart. Aside from balance and fairness, the media have also imbued ethnic affairs coverage with an abundance of goodwill.” ( Jamias 1999- On media coverage of ethnic groups) De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department

20. Reference: Ables H. (2003); Mass Communication and Philippine Society De La Salle- Lipa / Communication Department