1. AFLATOXIN Geneizzel Gotuato Maria Angelica Duque

2. Outline of the Discussion Basic Information Toxins Present Aflatoxicosis Symptoms and Treatment

3. Aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus molds probably the most well known mycotoxin, and the most researched. very toxic and highly carcinogenic.

4. Aflatoxin Over four billion people in developing countries are repeatedly exposed to aflatoxins, contributing to greater than 40 percent of the disease burden in these countries. Over four billion people in developing countries are repeatedly exposed to aflatoxins, contributing to greater than 40 percent of the disease burden in these countries.

5. Toxins present Aflatoxins B: This group includes aflatoxin B1 and B2. Aflatoxin B1 is the most common aflatoxin, as well as the most toxic and carcinogenic. Aflatoxins G: This group includes aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin G2 Aflatoxins M: This group includes aflatoxins M1 and M2. These aflatoxins are metabolic products which are found in the urine and milk produced by animals which have been given feed with aflatoxins in it

6. Aflatoxin B 1 Toxins present

7. Aflatoxin G Toxins present

8. Aflatoxin M Toxins present

9. Aflatoxin in Food The American Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that 25% of the food crops in the world are affected by mycotoxins. Of these mycotoxins, aflatoxins are the biggest problem.

10. Aflatoxin in Food Corn, cottonseed and peanuts are the crops most at risk of being contaminated by aflatoxins. Aspergillus also commonly grows on beans, rice, tree nuts and wheat. It grows less often on other grains and nuts.

11. Aflatoxin in Food If animals are given feed contaminated with aflatoxins then aflatoxin mycotoxins can end up in milk, eggs and meat. Aflatoxin M1 and M, which are often found in cow's milk, are metabolites produced by animals which have eaten aflatoxins.

12. Toxicity In humans, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem in China and Kenya.In humans, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem in China and Kenya. The mortality rate of HCC is more than 95% and killed 125 from the 317 cases of poisoning in China(2004).The mortality rate of HCC is more than 95% and killed 125 from the 317 cases of poisoning in China(2004).

13. Toxicity In animals, the effects of aflatoxin are depending on the sex, age, species and even animal breed.In animals, the effects of aflatoxin are depending on the sex, age, species and even animal breed.

14. Aflatoxicosis is not contagious. Aflatoxicosis damages the liver more than any other organ. Aflatoxin mycotoxins also suppress the immune system.

15. Symptoms Acute signs anorexia, depression, epistaxis, ataxia.

16. Symptoms Chronic signs reduced feed efficiency, reduced milk production, icterus.

17. Complications Liver cancerLiver cancer Mental impairmentMental impairment Abdominal PainAbdominal Pain VomitingVomiting ConvulsionsConvulsions Pulmonary EdemaPulmonary Edema HemorrhagingHemorrhaging ComaComa DeathDeath

18. Cirrhosis

19. Acute necrosis

21. Prevention

22. Antidote activated charcoal ellagic acid inducers of some cytochromes P450 Treatment

23. Supportive Care Monitoring of Liver Function Dialysis or Blood Transfusions Treatment of Symptoms Treatment

24. Inactivation Concentrated ammonia Sodium bisulfite Treatment

25. References http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2005 /9-19/aflatoxin.htmlhttp://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2005 /9-19/aflatoxin.html http://delloyd.50megs.com/hazard/aflato xins_poison.htmlhttp://delloyd.50megs.com/hazard/aflato xins_poison.html www.mycotoxins.info/myco_info/science _moa.htmlwww.mycotoxins.info/myco_info/science _moa.html http://blackmold.awardspace.com/aflatox in-mycotoxins.htmlhttp://blackmold.awardspace.com/aflatox in-mycotoxins.html