1. Pasture recovery from pugged pastures Frank Mickan DPI, Ellinbank

2. Source: Z. Nie, G. Ward & A Michael, 2001 Ryegrass Tiller/Plant Density¹ (Week 3 & 13 – No difference between dates) Treatment Ryegrass Other Weeds TOTAL Grass No Pugging 3404 a 467018 ` 8110 a Light P3386 a 379016 7220 a Medium P2083 b 461036 6810 ab Heavy P1555 b 383031 5450 b ¹ To nearest 10 ~46%

3. 1 (0 - 25%)2 (25 – 50%)3 (50 – 75%)4 (<100%)5 (100%) Area of Paddock Pugged (%) Shallow (0 – 2 cm) Medium Depth (2 – 5 cm) Deep (5 - 8 cm) Very deep (> 8 cm) PUGGOLOGY CHART (Area x Depth matrix) O - VLVL (Very Light) VLL Light L VLLM (Medium) S (Severe) VS VL - L VS M (Very Severe) VS S L - M Appendix 1 Depth of Pugging (cm)

4. Pasture renovation after winter pugging Roll (Cambridge) only18860 Harrow only13443 Effect of renovation treatment on Ryegrass counts 6 wks after reseeding (Plants/m²) Drill & Harrow (Chain)23073 Broadcast & Harrow 313100 Broadcast & Roll 30497 Source: Taranaki ARS, R Johnson, McCallum & N Thomson, 1993 TreatmentRyegrass density Difference (No./square metre) % Control13843

5. Urgent feed? Some now, some later? Spring sow pastures? Summer crop(s) only? Spring sown cereals? Crop for silage/hay? Other situations? Keep autumn sowing in mind What do we sow?

6. SPRING SOWN PASTURES? Spring sown Italian ryegrasses Fast growing (6 – 8 weeks?) Won’t head till next spring (Vernalisation) Great for large areas to be sown quickly Will hang on with odd summer rain Good diet balance DON’T graze below 4 – 6 cm Perennial Pastures Need ongoing summer showers Shallow rooting Kid gloves over summer (See above) What do we sow?

7. SUMMER FORAGE CROPS Soil temperatures @ sowing needed Brassicas12 Soil temperatures @ sowing needed Brassicas12 0 C Millet14 Millet14 0 C 18 Sorghum 18 0 C Seeds don’t like to be waterlogged Seeds don’t like to be waterlogged Like good soil fertility Responds very well to effluent What do we sow?

8. Brassicas Regrowth Hybrids eg.Hunter: Graze @ ~ 6 – 8 wks eg.Winfred: Graze @ ~ 9 – 10 to 13 wks Some types will carry over into winter Turnips - Early Vs later maturing - Pest problems Rapes/Kale/Swedes What do we sow?

9. Forage Brassica Sowing/Grazing Times CropS O N D J F M A M J J A S Rape Kale Swede Hybrids Turnips Source: Stephen Pasture Seeds Summer Fodder Crop Guide 2008/09 (3 – 5 kg/ha) (1 kg/ha) (3 – 5 kg/ha) (1-2. 5 kg/ha)

10. PERENNIAL GRAZING HERBS Chicory, Plantain Chicory, Plantain Deep rooting Deep rooting Regrazeable so not initial high yielding Regrazeable so not initial high yielding Can be oversown in autumn with cereals, RG, Can be oversown in autumn with cereals, RG, Pest resistant, after sowing! Pest resistant, after sowing! Don’t have brassica feeding problems Don’t have brassica feeding problems Hard to control broad leaved weeds, so far Hard to control broad leaved weeds, so far Doesn’t like waterlogged soils when growing & when being grazed Doesn’t like waterlogged soils when growing & when being grazed What do we sow?

11. PUGGOLOGY & seed bed preparation FORAGE How much & what quality & when needed CROPS & PASTURES AVAILABLE Range of sowing dates & maturities Most grazeable, some can be conserved VIGILANCE ALERT Watch for pests and weeds EARLY! REMEMBER for 2010

12. BE ready Winter 2011…..? Another wet winter in 2011? Direct drill vs cultivation + sow Short term Vs long term ryegrasses Winter brassicas Winter crops & Mixes Grazing management on wet soils - Eg..On-off grazing Infrastructure for wet winter - Eg. Better laneways, Stand-off pads

13. Pasture recovery from pugging damage