1. Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Lecture Outline Chapter 11

2. Latin America

3. Geographic Contrasts Wide range of population 190 million Physical diversity High mountains World’s largest river system World’s largest tropical rainforest One of the world’s driest deserts Urban vs. rural Extreme contrasts between materially wealthy & materially poor

4. Natural Environment Tropical and southern hemisphere climates Middle America and the Caribbean Basin Northern South America El Niño Southern South America Rain shadow High mountains and island chains Insular and mainland Middle America Andes Mountains Altiplano

5. Natural Environment Broad plateaus – Brazil, Patagonia Major river basins Amazon, Orinoco, Parana-Paraguay Natural vegetation Rain forest Altitudinal zoning

6. Natural Environment Natural resources Environmental problems Soil erosion Sedimentation Air and water pollution Temperature inversions

7. Regional Cultural History Pre-European peoples The lasting influence of the Maya, Aztec, and the Inca City-states Language - Quechua Subsistence cultures Spanish colonization Treaty of Tordesillas

8. Regional Cultural History Spanish Control Encomienda system Haciendas Peninsulares Criollos Mestizos Portuguese colonization Other European colonies Haitian Revolution (1804)

9. Regional Cultural History Independence Independence from Spain Brazilian independence Economic colonialism Continuing external influences Import substitution Nationalizing industries

10. Global and Local Changes The United States and Latin America Monroe Doctrine Financial dependence Petrodollars Lost Decade Political change and the global economy Protectionism

11. Global and Local Changes Global cities Regional links - trade Population pressures The spatial distribution of people Natural increase and migration patterns Remittances Regional urban geography Ethno-cultural diversity Mexico and Central America Caribbean South America

12. The Subregions Mexico Central American Countries Caribbean Area Northern Andes Brazil Southern South America

13. Mexico Regional icon The winds of change Political changes Porfirioto Ejidos & ejiditarios Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) National Action Party (PAN) Economic shifts Social issues Zapatistas Revolutionary tourists

14. Mexico Regional diversity in Mexico Mexico City Nezahualcóyotl Economic development and the human landscape Tourism Maquila Maquila laws and maquiladoras Oil and natural gas The Mexican South

15. Central America Countries Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama “Banana Republics” Nicaragua Samoza dictatorship, Sandanistas, Contras Human activity and economic development Petén Canal Zone

16. The Caribbean Basin and Environs Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles Countries Contemporary legacy of the colonial past Colonial farming heritage Economic strategies following independence

17. The Caribbean Basin and Environs The challenge of cooperation CARICOM Association of Caribbean States Tourism Economic leakage Island and country specialties Puerto Rico: commonwealth status

18. Northern Andes Countries Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Economic development Andean Common Market Export-led underdevelopment Patterns of economic diversification Galápagos Islands The Northern Andes and the international drug trade

19. Brazil Dominated by Amazon River network Northeast coastlands and plateau were settled first Sugarcane plantations Main economic development has been in the southeast around Rio de Janeiro Parána, Santa Catarina & Rio Grande do Sul Coffee centers Recent farming development: west of São Paulo Soybeans

20. Brazil Economic development Varied economic history Modern mining Yanomami Ethanol fuel Farming today Manufacturing expansion Itaipu Dam Free-trade zone (Manaus)

21. Brazil Economic development Development issues in the Amazon Indebtedness and new policies Hyperinflation Favelas: urban strife in Brazil’s cities Brazilian street children

22. Southern South America Countries Economic development and human activity Mercosur Growing engagement with the world economy Economic Isolation Chile Paraguay Uruguay Argentina Buenos Aires, Argentina