1. The Skeletal System

2. The skeletal system is made of tough bone tissue that supports the body and allows it to move. Some bones cover and protect vital organs, such as the heart and brain. Marrow within bones produces white and red blood cells. As a health care professional, it is important to know the parts of the skeleton, as well as diseases that may affect bone. Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education2

3.  Match key terms with their correct meanings.  Label a diagram of major bones in the body.  Select from a list the functions of bones.  Name the long, short, flat, and irregular bones of the body.  Identify immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints of the body.  Identify common disorders of the skeletal system.  Label a diagram of four types of bone fractures.  Explain why a health care worker must have a basic knowledge of the skeletal system and how it functions. Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education3

4.  Made up of bone and other connective tissues (ligaments and cartilage)  Functions of the bone:  To serve as a framework for body, giving the body structure and support  To protect internal structures  To act as a storage area for calcium  To produce blood cells  To allow flexibility Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education4

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10.  Long bones (longer than their width)  Humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius  Short bones (length and width are nearly equal)  Wrist and hand, ankle and feet  Flat bones (two layers of bone divided by a narrow span)  Skull, sternum, ribs, shoulder blade  Irregular bones  Face, spin, hip Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education10

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12.  Axial skeleton includes 80 bones found in the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum  Appendicular skeleton involves the appendages and includes 126 bones found in the arms, hands, legs, feet, and pelvis Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education12

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14.  Joints are the point where two bones meet: p. 335  Immovable joints: cranium  Slightly movable joints: vertebral discs, symphysis pubis, sacroiliac joints  Freely movable joints: ex. Shoulder, knees, ankles, elbows, wrists, fingers  Ligaments connect to bone and hold bones together Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education14

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16.  arthritis - inflammation of the joints  degenerative - change in the structure of the joint disease joints with aging  fracture - break in a bone  simple fracture - bone is broken, and the skin is not open around the break  compound fracture – bone is broken, and the skin is penetrated by the bone

17.  comminuted fracture – bone breaks into pieces, and bone fragments are lodged in the surrounding tissue  greenstick fracture - bone is bent and splits, causing an incomplete break

18.  kyphosis - abnormal posterior curve of the spine(hunchback)  lordosis - excessive concave (inward) curve of the spine (swayback)  osteomyelitis - bone infection, usually caused by a bloodborne pathogen  osteoporosis - condition in which bones become full of tiny holes, causing them to break easily  Common in women after menopause  rickets - condition in which bones are soft because they do not calcify  Often caused by a lack of calcium and phosphorus in the diet  scoliosis - lateral (to the side) curve of the spine

19.  arthrodesis - surgical fixation of a joint  caudocephalad - from tail or coccyx to head  cephalalgia - pain in the head; headache  cephalocentesis - surgical puncture of the head  cerebrootomy - incision into the brain  chondroma - tumor consisting of cartilage  costochondral - pertaining to a rib and its cartilage  craniomalacia - softening of the skull bones  craniosclerosis - thickening of the skull bones  dactyledema - excess fluid in the fingers and toes  dactylology - representing words by signs made with the fingers (sign language)

20.  dactylus - toe or finger  iliotibial - pertaining to the ileum and tibia  lumbosacral - pertaining to the lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum  myelitis - inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow  osteomalacia - softening of the bones  osteoplasty - plastic repair of the bone  osteosarcoma - malignant tumor of the bone  osteotomy- incision into the bone  phalanx - finger or toe bone  prosthesis - artificial organ or part of the body

21.  appendicular  axial  brittle  calcify  cartilage  circulation  components  conception  embryo  fixation  flexible  lateral  penetrates  porous  sedentary  spontaneous Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education21

22. The Muscular System

23. The muscles in your body help you to move your arms and legs. They also help to move food, blood, and other materials around your body. In this section, you will learn about the types of muscle, their functions, and their movements. You will review the different muscles of the muscular system and learn disorders related to muscles. Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education23

24.  Match key terms with their correct meanings.  Explain the difference between muscle and bone functions.  List three major functions of the muscles.  Match common disorders of the muscular system with their descriptions.  Match basic muscle movements to their correct names.  Label a diagram of the muscular system.  Describe how muscles provide support and movement.  Explain why the health care worker’s understanding of the muscular system is important. Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education24

25.  The main functions of muscles are to:  Produce heat  Produce movement  Maintain posture  Types of muscle include:  Voluntary muscles – contract when you want to move  Involuntary muscles – contract automatically  Muscle tissues include:  Skeletal muscles or striated muscles – voluntary muscles  Visceral muscles or smooth muscles  Cardiac muscle Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education25

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28.  Adduct  Moving a body part toward the midline  Abduct  Moving a body part away from the midline  Extend  Increase the angle of the muscle  Flex  Decreases the angle of the muscle  Rotate  Turing a body part on its axis  Supination and pronation  Rotation movement Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education28

29.  fibrositis - inflammation of connective tissue  muscle strain - trauma to the muscle, usually caused by a violent contraction  muscular dystrophy - deterioration of muscle tissue that progresses over time  myalgia - muscle pain  torn muscle - tear of the muscle tissue, usually caused by extreme trauma to the muscle

30.  myasthenia - muscle weakness  myocardium - heart muscle or cardiac muscle  myocele - muscular protrusion (bulge)through a muscle  myocelialgia - pain of the abdominal muscle  myogenic - beginning with muscle  myography - record of muscle contractions  myoid - resembling muscle  myoma - tumor containing muscle tissue  myomelanosis - abnormal darkening of muscle tissue

31.  myoparesis - weakness or partial paralysis of a muscle  myosclerosis - hardening of a muscle  myothermic - pertaining to a rise in muscle temperature  tenorrhaphy - suturing of a tendon  tenositis - inflammation of a tendon

32.  actin  axis  contract  contraction  deteriorate  digestion  elastic  involuntary  myosin  voluntary Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education32