1. Preserving Biodiversity Objectives: I will – Explain how humans are causing extinctions of other species. – Explain why it is important that we preserve biodiversity.

2. Key Terms Biological extinction: a species has disappeared from the earth. Background extinction: an historic, continuous, low level of extinction. Extinction rate: the percentage or number of species that go extinct each year. Mass extinction: the loss of many species in a short period of time.

3. Humans and Extinction Human activities increase the pace of extinction. – Current rate is 100—1,000 times the background rate (0.01–.1% per year). – Predictions hold that this will rise to 10,000 times that background rate during this century. – Under this scenario ¼ to ½ of all species will be extinct by the end of the century.

4. Humans and Extinction There are several causes of depletion and premature extinction of wild plants and animals. The acronym HIPPCO describes these causes. – Habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation* – Invasive species – Population growth and increasing use of resources – Pollution – Climate change – Overexploitation * Habitat destruction, degradation and fragmentation is greatest threat

5. Why should we care? Four reasons we should prevent our activities from causing extinctions. 1.Species are a vital part of earth’s life support system. 2. Species support our economy (materials, medicines, ecotourism). 3.It will take millions of years for natural speciation to rebuild biodiversity. 4. Species have a right to exist, regardless of their usefulness.

6. U.S. Endangered Species Act Initiated in 1973 and amended in 1982, 1985, and 1988 Designed to identify and protect endangered species in the US and abroad National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) are the agencies responsible for identifying and listing endangered and threatened species List MUST be based on biological factors alone, without consideration of economic or political factors

7. U.S. Endangered Species Act Once a species is identified as endangered/threatened the act does the following: – Forbids federal agencies (except department of defense) to carry out, fund, or authorize projects that would jeopardize species or their habitats – Makes it illegal for Americans to: Sell or buy any product made from such species Hunt, kill, collect or injure such species Protects an additional 573 species from other countries

8. U.S. Endangered Species Act Between 1973 and 2010 the number of US species on the list increased from 92 to more than 1370 In 2009 90% of the species on the listed were covered by active recovery plans In 1982 amended to give private landowners incentives to help save endangered/threatened species

9. Threats to Forests Two types of natural forests – Old-growth: not seriously disturbed by humans – Second-growth: resulting from secondary ecological succession; affected by human activities Forests provided important economic and ecological services – Support energy flow and chemical cycling – Reduce soil erosion – Purify water and air Old Growth Forest 22% of world’s forest. Hosts many species with specialized niches.

10. Threats to Forests – Major threats to forest ecosystems: Unsustainable logging Fire Insects Climate change Deforestation

11. Threats to grasslands, parks and nature reserves Major threat to grassland is overgrazing – Can be more sustainable by controlling the number of animals Major threat to US Parks is popularity – Between 1960 and 2008 the number of visitors more than tripled Major threat to nature reserves is economic development – Developers and resource extractors oppose protecting undisturbed ecosystems

12. The Ecosystem Approach Focus on protecting and sustaining ecosystems and on the biodiversity contained within them by employing the following four-point plan: 1.Map the world’s terrestrial ecosystems and create an inventory of the species and natural services in them 2.Locate and protect most endangered ecosystems and species 3.Seek to restore as many degraded ecosystems as possible 4.Make development biodiversity-friendly by providing incentives

13. The Ecosystem Approach Ecological services Support energy flow and chemical cycling Reduce soil erosion Purify water and air Influence local and regional climate Store atmospheric carbon Provide numerous wildlife habitat Economic services Fuelwood Lumber Pulp to make paper Mining Livestock grazing Recreation Jobs

14. The Sanctuary Approach The U.S. has set aside 544 federal refuges for wildlife, but many refuges are suffering from environmental degradation. Pelican Island was the nation ’ s first wildlife refuge. Figure 11-20

15. The Sanctuary Approach Gene banks, botanical gardens and using farms to raise threatened species can help prevent extinction, but these options lack funding and storage space. Zoos and aquariums can help protect endangered animal species by preserving some individuals with the long-term goal of reintroduction, but suffer from lack of space and money.

16. Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity Three general patterns related to marine biodiversity 1.Greatest marine biodiversity occurs in the coral reefs, estuaries and on the deep-ocean floor 2.Biodiversity is higher near the coasts than in the open sea because of the greater variety or producers 3.Biodiversity is generally higher in the bottom region of the ocean than in the surface because of the greater variety of habitats and food sources on the ocean bottom

17. Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity Major threats to aquatic biodiversity – HIPPCO Habitat loss and degradation* Introduction of invasive species Population growth Pollution Climate change Overfishing and extinction * Greatest threat is habitat loss and degradation

18. Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity Protecting marine biodiversity is difficult because: – Human ecological footprint and fishprint are expanding rapidly so it is difficult to monitor – Much of the damage is not visible to most people – Incorrectly viewed as inexhaustible resources that can absorb an infinite amount of waste and pollution – Most of the world’s ocean area lie outside the legal jurisdiction of any country

19. Threats to Fishing and Wetlands Steps to protect and sustain marine fisheries: – Estimate and monitor fish populations – Regulate fish harvests – Stop offering subsidies than can encourage overfishing – Consumer choices to demand sustainable seafood: know how and where the fish was caught

20. Threats to Fishing and Wetlands Wetlands – Are important reservoirs of aquatic biodiversity – Provide vital ecological and economic services – Have been drained, filled in or covered over to: Create rice fields or other cropland Accommodate expanding cities and suburbs Build roads – Have been destroyed in order to extract minerals, oil and natural gas and to eliminate breeding grounds for insects – Will most likely become submerged because of rise in sea levels

21. The Ecosystem Approach Ecosystem approach: – Complete mapping of the world’s aquatic biodiversity – Identify and preserve world’s aquatic biodiversity hotspots – Create large and fully protected marine reserves – Protect and restore the world’s lake and river systems – Initiate ecological restoration projects worldwide in systems such as coral reefs and inland and coastal wetlands – Find ways to raise the incomes of people who live in or near protected lands and waters so that they can become partners in protecting and sustaining aquatic ecosystems