1. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 1 Wrap-up lecture

2. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 2 Part I of the course: Optimization Problems we want to find valid solution minimizing cost (or maximizing profit)  always start by investigating structure of optimal solution backtracking: just try all solutions (pruning when possible) −extra exercises: backtracking algorithms for NP-hard problems Vertex Cover, 3-SAT, Hamiltonian Cycle, … greedy algorithms: make choice that seems best, recursively solve remaining subproblem −proof is crucial; make sure you know proof structure by heart −extra exercises: greedy algorithms explained in book dynamic programming: give recursive formula, fill in table −make sure you know steps to design dynamic-programming algorithm −extra exercises: dynamic-programming algorithms explained in book

3. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 3 Part II of the course: optimization problems on graphs single-source shortest paths Find shortest path from source vertex to all other vertices all-pairs shortest paths Find shortest paths between all pairs of vertices maximum flow Find maximum flow from source vertex to target vertex maximum bipartite matching Find maximum number of disjoint pairs of vertices with edge between them 3 1 8 5 3 3 2 4 2 1 2.3 − 2 2 1 4

4. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 4 single-source / all-pairs shortest paths − you should know and understand the various algorithms SSSP: Bellman-Ford, Dijkstra, algorithm on DAGs APSP: relation to matrix multiplication, Johnson’s reweighting − extra exercises: give algorithms, give proofs of important lemmas maximum flow + maximum bipartite matching − definition of flow network, flow − Ford-Fulkerson method + Edmonds-Karp implementation (concept of augmenting flow, residual path, etcetera) − relation between flows and cuts (e.g. max flow = min cut) − integer capacities: there is always a max flow that is integral  basis for many applications, e.g. for max bipartite matching)

5. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 5 Part III of the course: miscellaneous topics Part III of the course: Miscellaneous topics NP-completeness − definitions and concepts: P, NP, reductions − list of NP-complete problems you should be able to reproduce NP-completeness proofs … (they also teach you tricks for other NP-completeness proofs) approximation algorithms − definitions and concepts: approximation factor, (F)PTAS − how to prove approximation ratio: compare to lower (upper) bound linear programming − definitions and concepts: LP, standard form integer LP, 0/1-LP − how to model a problem as an LP

6. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 6 The exam  most exercises are of the same type as the homework exercises  about 1/3 of exercises is (almost) identical to homework exercises  exam may also have some questions where the answer can be found literally on the slides or in the book (reproduce algorithm or proof, definitions) How to prepare  study the slides (only look into the book when there are things in the slides that you do not understand)  solve all the homework exercises again !  reproduce algorithms / proofs from the book

7. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 7 What we did not do in the course … … lots, in particular … algorithms for big data geometric algorithms algorithms for geographic data

8. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 8 Algorithms for Big Data disk internal memory L3 cache L2 cache L1 cache ALU registers Data, data, everywhere. Economist 2010

9. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 9 I/O- and caching behavior analysis of running time: (asymptotically) determine number of elementary operations as a function of input size basic assumption: elementary operations take roughly same amount of time is this justified? Not when data is stored on disk: disk operations can be factor 100,000 (or more) slower than operations on data in main memory − how can we design I/O-efficient algorithms? − how should we analyze such algorithms? − can / should we also worry about caching ? disk internal memory L3 cache L2 cache L1 cache ALU registers

10. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 10 streaming algorithms data stream model:  data is read sequentially in one (or few) passes  size of the working memory is much smaller than size of data example: traffic going through high speed routers (data can not be revisited) − how can we design algorithms for data streams? (e.g. maintain approximate median of stream of numbers) − how should we analyze such algorithms?  take Advanced Algorithms (big data + more approximation algorithms)

11. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 11 Geometric algorithms

12. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 12 computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) 3D model of power plant (12.748.510 triangles)  motion planning  virtual walkthroughs

13. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 13 3D copier surface reconstruction 3D scanner 3D printer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

14. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 14 many areas where geometry plays important role:  geographic information systems  computer-aided design and manufacturing  robotics and motion planning  computer graphics and virtual reality  databases  structural computational biology  and more … 30 45 age salary 30.000 50.000

15. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 15 Geometric data structures  store geometric data in 2-, 3- or higher dimensional space such that certain queries can be answered efficiently  applications: GIS, graphics and virtual reality, … Examples:  range searching  nearest-neighbor searching  point location want to know more about algorithms and data structures for spatial data?  take Geometric Algorithms

16. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 Algorithms for Geographic Data

17. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 17 geographic information systems (GIS) Mississippi delta Memphis Arlington 30 cities: 4 30 = 10 18 possibilities

18. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 automated cartography examples:  map labeling  scaling and simplification  schematization  maps for various types of data, e.g., flows 18

19. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 19 trajectory data data of  animals, humans, vehicles, … Examples of analysis tasks:  How similar are two trajectories?  How to find clusters?  How to represent a cluster?  How to simplify a trajectory? ……  take Algorithms for Geographic Data

20. TU/e Algorithms (2IL15) – Lecture 13 20 THE END well, except for the exam … comments / suggestions for improvements are welcome