1. Field work and Numerical modeling Summary Changcheng Sept.6,2008

2. Outline  Fieldwork  Study area  Geological map and structural data  Geological deformation history  Future work  Numerical modeling of clasts  Background clast modeling  Behavior of single clast  Problems with application of clast modeling  My modeling and its application  Conflict: data from field and modeling; possibility  Future study

3. Fieldwork: Study area (Modified from Tollo et al., 2004, reference therein)

4. Fieldwork: Study area

5. Simplified Geological map (modified from Ames et.al, 2005)

6. Structural data:Foliation  Varies with location  Approaching GF: Trend to parallel to GF  Away from GF: striking EW or NS  Two types of fliations

7. Foliation1: Transpositioning foliation 1  Defined by isoclinal fold axial plane  F1 fold S1

8. Transpositioning foliation1  Folded by chevron fold  Chevron fold postdate transpositioning foliation1 S chevron

9. Foliation2: Transpositioning foliation 2  Defined by chevron fold axial plane  Transpositioning foliation 2  F3 (explain later) S chenvron

10. Chevron fold axial plane orientation  Orientation doesn’t change much  All striking NEE  Parallel to GF  Most dipping toward SE, minor dipping NW

11. Fanned chevron fold axial planes  Opposite dipping fold axial planes  In case of perfect flat layer was folded: Fold axes parallel everywhere (From “Structural analysis of metamorphic tectonites” p.189) Fold axis Fold axial plane

12. Chevron fold axial plane orientation  Folded by an open fold

13. Chevron fold axial plane orientation  Folded by an open fold

14. Chevron fold Overprinted by open fold  Open fold

15. Chevron fold axis  Not parallel  NE or SW  Some SE

16. Chevron fold axis and Transpositioning foliation 1  Transposito ning foliation 1  FA  Relation: When this foliation strikes NNE, FA trends NE; when foliation EW, FA trends SW

17. Chevron fold axis plot  Chevron fold

18. Transpositioning foliation 1  Not chevron fold  What control the orientation of this foliation?

19. Chevron fold and F2 fold

20. F2 on aerophoto S1 S3

21. F3 overprint F2  Chevron fold: F3  F3 Fold axis orientation depends on F2  F3: Syntectonic with GF mynolite zone

22. Other deformation fabrics  Boudinage & Boudine neck fold  Chevron fold with material melt  Dyke and folding

23. Boudinage & Boudine neck fold  Boudinage & Boudine neck fold

24. Chevron fold (F3) with material melt along fold axial plane

25. Dyke and folding  Intruded predate or at early stage of D1  At very late stage of D1 or even after D1 S1

26. Deformation history Summery  D1: Transpositioning foliation 1, isoclinal folds, Boudinage, Boudine neck fold  D2: Regional fold. No foliations was developed. Controlling the orientation of foliation when it is away from GF  D3: Chevron fold. GF mylonite zone. Intersection lineation, fold axis lineation  D4: open fold.

27. Future work about field work  Any potential to constrain the time of 4 deformation phases  Numerical modeling of D3 : shear zone modeling  PT  Relates to regional background(deformation event, tectonic environment)

28. Clasts modeling  Background  Single clast behavior  Problems with application of clast modeling  My modeling of a population of clast  Rf/phi plot, conflict  Future work

29. Clast-matrix system modeling background  Rheological property, bulk deformation kinematics, strain, shape preferred orientation  Application: Conglomerates, igneous rocks containing xenolith, porphyroblast-bearing metamorphic rock, mylonite zone  Modeling: analogue modeling, numerical modeling. single clast behavior, a population of clast behavior. Rigid clast with (no) slip interface, deformable clast.  My modeling: Rigid clast in newtonian fluid with no slip interface (Porphyroclast in mylonite zone, Kinematics)

30. Rigid clast in newtonian fluid with no slip interface  Behavior according to Jeffery’s theory (1922): tested by many experiments  Behavior governed by (Jeffery’s equation): matrix flow (bulk deformation kinematics), clast shape, and clast instantaneous orientation  Analytical solution of Jeffery’s equation: Monoclinic flow and spheroidal clast (clast with symmetric axis)

31. Single clast behavior  Spheroidal clasts  Simple shear  Pure shear  General shear (monoclinic shear)  Ellipsoidal clasts (No symmetrical axis): unregular behavior, too complicated, no stable orientation.

32. Spheroidal calst in monoclinic general shear Aspect ratio Rf= long axis short axis Critial aspect ratio: Rc=2.2 Wk= Rc*Rc-1 Rc*Rc+1 untable clasts Proved in theory in case of spheroidal Clast with symmetrical axis in vorticity Normal section (2D).

33. Rf/phi plot application in shear zone  Based on spheroidal clast behavior (From Jessup et al., JSG, V.92, p411-421) (Law et al., JGS, London, V.161, p305-320)

34. Wk, W k s, and bulk deformation kinematics  Wk: Representation of contribution of simple shear and pure shear component  Wk: not equal W k s  W k s ignore pure shear component that is along vorticity vector  Rf/phi is for W k s not Wk Simple shear Wk=1 Pure shear Wk=0 General shear 0<Wk<1

35. Problems with Rf/phi clast plot application  Only a population of ellipsoidal clast with the same aspect ratio is numerically modeled: don’t support Rf/phi method  Analogue experiment: aspect ratio<1.3, can be regarded as sphesoidal clast: support Rf/phi method  Isn’t comparable to field data  Wk is incorrectly calculated

36. My modeling of a population of ellipsoidal rigid clasts in monoclinic shear  300 Randomly distributed orientation clasts  various aspect axis ratio  Specify bulk deformation kinematics (Give Wk), model clast rotation  Study on Vorticity normal section  Test Rf/phi plot method

37. My modeling result about Rf/phi plot in terms of monoclinic shear  Rf/phi can be applies to ellipsoidal clasts when finite strain is high enough.  The finite strain needed is too high for nature shear zone, and Wks is under estimated by Rf/phi plot.  Some of field data isn’t comparable to the plot  Not likely be able to apply to triclinic shear zone.

38. Ellipsoidal clast Rf/phi plot: an example  Preset in modeling: Wk=0.227 -> W k s =0.5 Rc=1.7 (Rc*Rc-1)/(Rc*Rc+1)=0.486=Wks !=Wk Wks instead of Wk can be determined by Rf/phi plot providing finite strain is high enough Calculation by Rf/phi plot:

39. Ellipsoidal clast, Rf/phi plot, and Finite strain in monoclinic shear  Preset in modeling: W k s =0.857 Finite strain not high enough Calculated Wks =0.77 Finite strain high enough Calculated Wks =0.86

40. Field data modeling conflict Preferred orientation from modeling of rigid clast without interface slip. Data collected in field. Not rigid clast without interface slip?

41. Data collected in field conflict with modeling but Wk calculation is based on modeling My modeling (From Jessup et al., JSG, V.92, p411-421) (Law et al., JGS, London, V.161, p305-320)

42. Possibility of conflict  Strain localization (Wk varies with space)  Strain not high enough  Non-steadystate deformation (Wk varies with time)  No all clast behave according to Jeffery’s theory: Interface-slip?  Not Newtonian flow?

43. Future work about clast modeling  Get my own clast data (mylonite thin sections)  Strain localization test both numerically and thin section study (Not likely be the reason to conflict)  Thin section study: Jeffery’s theory clast and other clasts in thin section  Non-steadystate deformation modeling

44. Questions and suggestions?