1. Topic: Chapter 7- Ethnicity & Race Aim: In what ways can we distinguish between ethnicity and race? Do Now: fill in the Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin from the 2010 census based on how you perceive yourself Clockwise from top left: "Afro- Caribbean", "Caucasian", "East Asian", "West Asian"

2. What do all these people have in common?

6. After media inquiries, the White House confirmed that Obama checked only the racial box that says: "Black, African Am., or Negro," the Associated Press reported

8. Amerindians: Indigenous peoples of the Americas (below – Mayan women, 2012, Guatemala

9. What does this image reveal about the concept of race?

11. What race is this baby? Why do you consider the baby either ‘black’ or ‘white’? What standard are you using to determine their ‘race’?

12. Race: is usually understood to be a population of humans based on hereditary biological characteristics (largely related to soft tissue). Racial categories are social and political constructions because they are based on ideas that some biological differences are more important than others.

13. Think of the arbitrary nature of race like grades in school… On the scale of 1-100, which numbers correspond with the following grades? A- B- C- D-

14. For what reasons do human beings look differently from one another - skin color, hair texture, eye shape, etc)?

15. 1.Natural Selection/Adaptation: characteristics transmitted to enable people to adapt to a particular environmental conditions, or climate (e.g. - In frigid Arctic regions, native populations developed round heads and bodies with increased bodily volume and decreased evaporative surface area.) 2.Genetic Drift: heritable traits (such as flatness of face) that is accentuated through inbreeding. In isolation, a trait may develop in one group and not another - mostly nonadaptive (e.g. - tiny mutations in DNA code explains the skin whitening associated with Caucasian populations.)

16. Anatomical traits supposedly identifying a particular race are often found extensively in other populations as well. This is due to the fact that similar natural selection factors in different parts of the world often result in the evolution of similar adaptations. For instance, intense sunlight in tropical latitudes has selected for darker skin color as a protection from intense ultraviolet radiation. As a result, the dark brown skin color characteristic of sub-Saharan Africans is also found among unrelated populations in the Indian subcontinent, Australia, New Guinea, and elsewhere in the Southwest Pacific.

17. Gene Flow (admixture): Acts to homogenize neighboring populations. Genetically, there is no such thing as a ‘pure’ race. Interbreeding always part of human interactions. While we may have the urge to group humans ‘racially’, we cannot use biology to justify it, and anthropologists have largely abandoned - and geneticists dismissed - the ideas of race as a scientific concept.

18. The Myth of Race in Humans: The biologist's definition of race (subspecies) in animals does not fit the reality of human genetic variation today. We are an extremely homogenous species genetically. All humans today are 99.9% genetically identical, and most of the variation that does occur is in the difference between males and females. This homogeneity is very unusual in the animal kingdom. Even our closest biological relatives, the chimpanzees have 2-3 times more genetic variation than people. Orangutans have 8-10 times more variation.

19. All the women in the photographs on the left are genetically similar, but they do not all speak the same language, nor do they share any other significant cultural patterns due to the fact that they were brought up in very different societies. The African American woman is far more similar culturally to her European American neighbors than to the West African woman from Senegal. Senegalese Woman

20. Shui-Hsi Miao women (1911)

21. Javanese women, 1902

22. Eskimos, 1922

24. Garafina People: The Garifuna are descendants of Carb, Arawak and West African people. The British colonial administration used the term Black Carib and Garifuna to distinguish them from Yellow and Red Carib, the Amerindian population that did not intermarry with Africans

25. Epicanthic folds- small piece of overlapping skin that give the eyelid a distinctive appearance-the fold is present in East Asians, South African San people and Native Americans

26. In the Philippines, the number of Spanish settlers was so small that a racial caste system was developed, as follows: Indio - indigenous person of pure-blooded Malay descent Sangley - pure-blooded Chinese immigrant Mestizo de Sangley - mixed-race person of sangley and indio ancestry; also called chino mestizo Blancos - whites (espanol mestizos, tornatras, insulares or espanol filipinos, and peninsulares) Insulares - pure-blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines (literally "from the islands")

27. A mestiza de sangley in a photograph by Francisco Van Camp, c. 1875/1899. Sangley mestizo was a term widely used in the 16th to 19th-century Spanish Philippines to differentiate ethnic Chinese from other types of island mestizos (such as those of mixed Indio and Spanish ancestry, or Chinese/Malay ancestry, who were much fewer in number.)

28. Scientists have taken blood samples from 93 people living in and around Liqian, a settlement in north-western China on the fringes of the Gobi desert, more than 200 miles from the nearest city.They are seeking an explanation for the unusual number of local people with western characteristics: green eyes, big noses, and even blonde hair mixed with traditional Chinese features."I really think we are descended from the Romans," said Song Guorong, 48, who with his wavy hair, six-foot frame and strikingly long, hooked nose stands out from his short, round-faced office colleagues.

29. So if that’s how we define ‘race’, then what exactly is ethnicity?

30. Ethnicity: Cultural traits, rather than arbitrary physical characteristics. Ethnicity dominates the world’s patterns Ethnic groups tied to place Shared history, traditions, cultural landscapes, perceived threat to language or religion Ethnicity comes from opposing forces of connections with other groups, and isolation from them

33. Jews of Kaifeng, late nineteenth or early twentieth century.