1. Rick M. Arthur, DVM Equine Medical Director California Horse Racing Board and School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis

2. Acid-Base Physiology The body regulates the pH (acidity) of the blood by manipulating bicarbonate H + + HCO 3 - ↔ H 2 CO3 ↔ CO 2 + H 2 O H + (acid from muscle exertion) Alkalizing agent

3. Neutralize Acid to Enhance Performance Summary. Sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate enhance performance when consumed before high-intensity events. A gain of 1-2% is possible in events lasting a few minutes… The substances work by helping to neutralize the acid produced by active muscles. Neutralize Acid to Enhance Performance : R Mc Naughton, B. Dalton, J. Tarr, D. Buck http://www.sportsci.org/traintech/buffer/lrm.htm

4. Neutralize Acid to Enhance Performance Summary. Sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate enhance performance when consumed before high-intensity events. A gain of 1-2% is possible in events lasting a few minutes… The substances work by helping to neutralize the acid produced by active muscles. Reference: R Mc Naughton, B. Dalton, J. Tarr, D. Buck : Neutralize Acid to Enhance Performance http://www.sportsci.org/traintech/buffer/lrm.htm

5. Neutralize Acid to Enhance Performance A Gain of 1-2%: 6 Furlongsabout 3-7 Lengths 1 Mileabout 4-9 Lengths 11/4 Mile about 6-12 Lengths

6. TCO2 vs. Top 3 Finishers >33mml/l >34mml/l >35mml/l >36mml/l * * 0.0001 * 0.00050.00650.0564 Cohen, Stanley, Arthur & Wang, Equine Veterinary Journal(2006) 38:543-548 Funded by Oak Tree Racing Association

7. Normal TCO2: ~1.5mmls 37.0 mmls

8. RECOMMENDED “BEST PRACTICES” FOR TCO2 TESTING AND SAMPLE COLLECTION 37mm/l + Measurement Uncertainty

9. TCO2 Testing Program Del Mar2004*’06 & ’07 TCO2 >37mmls/l20%0% TCO2 >39mmls/l10%0% * Prior to announced TCO2 Testing Program

10. 40 Samples Exceeded 36mmls/l from 37 Horses Only 1 sample exceeded the 37mmls/l limit 21/40 Samples came from just 1 trainer 28/40 Samples came from just 2 trainers TCO2 Greater than 36mmls/l at Hollywood Park Spring 2006

11. TCO2 Greater than 36mmls/l at Hollywood Park Spring ’07&’08 NONE Over the last 18 months the rate of samples > 36mml/l in SoCal is < 0.020%

12. Furosemide: Is significantly associated with finishing in the top 3 (P= 0.001) separate from the TCO 2 effect –Reduction of EIPH? –Weight Loss? –Increase in TCO 2 ? –Some other unidentified factor

13. Anabolic Steroids

14. No Steroids Oak Tree Racing Association, October 25, 2008