1. 1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 45

2. 2 Office Hour Invitations February 8 th, 1:30-2:30, Kenny 2517 17628074 23266125 29756111 32808107 36719102 49039118 76335090 76802099

3. 3 It is Outweek at UBC. This year’s theme is Beautiful Beings: A celebration of all bodies, identities and non- identities, races, ethnicities, genders, abilities, and sexualities. As part of Outweek, the Rainbow flag will be raised today at 12:30 at the SUB Flagpole. For more information about Outweek, please visit http://www.prideubc.com/ content/outweek-2013-beautiful-beings. Announcement

4. 4 Careers and Work 2. Do females and males value similar job characteristics? 1. How do females and males divide occupational and domestic labour?

5. 5 2. explain the phenomenon of “deviance neutralization.” 3. discuss sex similarities and differences in preferred job characteristics. 1. describe contemporary employment rates and domestic labour contributions among females and males. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 4. review Major and Konar’s model of sex differences in salary expectations.

6. 6 How do females and males divide occupational and domestic labour? Over the past several decades, women’s participation in the paid labour force has increased steadily. Today, women comprise 48% of the Canadian labour force (Statistics Canada, 2010). 66% of these women have children under the age of 3.

7. Women and Men as a Percentage of Total Employment (Almey, 2006; Statistics Canada, 2010) Percentage of Total Employment 7

8. Percentage of Women with Children Under the Age of Three Who Are Employed (Almey, 2006) Percentage Employed 8

9. 9 Nevertheless:  females are more likely than males to be employed in part-time positions: 70% of part-time workers are female (Almey, 2006).  females are less likely than males to be employed: 58% of Canadian women vs. 68% of Canadian men are employed (Almey, 2006).  few males—7%—assume the role of “househusband” (Smith, 2007).

10. 10  occupations are segregated on the basis of sex.  females are more likely than males to perform domestic activities (e.g., housework), irrespective of their employment status.

11. OccupationPercent Female Accountants, auditors62 Nurses92 Teachers (non-college, non-university)73 Social workers82 Health Technicians76 Secretaries97 Household service89 Engineers14 Mathematicians, computer scientists27 Chemists, material scientists41 Mechanics9 Construction9 Firefighter5 Police, detectives23 Percent Women in Various Occupations (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008) 11

12. Proportion of Household Labour Wife’s Economic Dependence (-1=High, 1=Low) Proportion of Household Labour Performed as a Function of Sex and Economic Dependence (Greenstein, 2000) 12

13. 13 “Breadwinner” wives do more domestic work than wives who earn salaries similar to their husbands. Economically-dependent husbands do less domestic work than husbands who earn salaries similar to their wives. Explanation: Deviance neutralization (Greenstein, 2000; also see Ortega & Tanaka, 2004).

14. 14 Do females and males value similar job characteristics? A meta-analytic study (Konrad et al., 2000; also see Hofstede, 2010) has investigated the job characteristics valued by females and males:

15. Sex Differences in Preferences for Job Characteristics (Konrad et al., 2000) 15

16. 16 Consistent with the sex difference for the value placed on “earnings,” research has shown that females have lower salary expectations than males:

17. FemalesMales Business administration Entry pay Peak pay 36,600 73,000 45,600 129,400 Biology Entry pay Peak pay 49,900 82,600 77,000 179,000 English Entry pay Peak pay 24,800 45,300 25,800 88,400 Psychology Entry pay Peak pay 32,100 60,400 32,600 60,700 Overall Entry pay Peak pay 34,600 64,600 42,900 108,600 Expected Salary by Sex (Heckert et al., 2002) 17

18. 18 Major and Konar (1984) suggest that four factors account for the lower salary expectations of females in relation to males:

19. Sex Importance of Earnings Pay Expectations Major and Konar’s (1984) Model of Sex Differences in Salary Expectations Career Path Factors Job Input Factors Social Comparison Standards 19

20. 20 Careers and Work 2. Do females and males value similar job characteristics? 1. How do females and males divide occupational and domestic labour?