1. Jeremy Bentham & John Austin

2. Jeremy Bentham… was an english philosopher and political radical was an english philosopher and political radical best known for being the founder of British utilitarianism best known for being the founder of British utilitarianism Utilitarianism – the theory that the law should achieve the greatest good for the most amount of people Utilitarianism – the theory that the law should achieve the greatest good for the most amount of people

3. Continued… Joseph Priestly: “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” Joseph Priestly: “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” Read books by Hume, Helvetius, and Beccaria to develop his own utilitarian ideas, all of which are philosophers Read books by Hume, Helvetius, and Beccaria to develop his own utilitarian ideas, all of which are philosophers Claimed that all laws whether they are ancient or modern, should be evaluated according to the ethical principles of utility Claimed that all laws whether they are ancient or modern, should be evaluated according to the ethical principles of utility Would write about legal reform for up to 12 hours everyday, didn’t make an effort to publish his work Would write about legal reform for up to 12 hours everyday, didn’t make an effort to publish his work

4. Continued… Most famous piece of work was published in 1789,called “Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation” Most famous piece of work was published in 1789,called “Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation” Has been widely regarded as the founding document of British utilitarianism Has been widely regarded as the founding document of British utilitarianism up to pain and pleasure to let us know what to do, and to determine what we will do up to pain and pleasure to let us know what to do, and to determine what we will do His theoretical work came to have a more important role in political reform by the late 1790s His theoretical work came to have a more important role in political reform by the late 1790s honorary citizen of the French Republic in 1792 honorary citizen of the French Republic in 1792

5. Continued… 1802 his Theory of Legislation was first published in French by Etienne Dumont 1802 his Theory of Legislation was first published in French by Etienne Dumont In 1789 “ Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation” was published In 1789 “ Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation” was published Has been widely regarded as the founding document of utilitarianism Has been widely regarded as the founding document of utilitarianism Quote from Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislature “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of 2 sovereign masters, pain and pleasure, it is for them alone to point out what we ought to do as well as to determine what we shall do.” Quote from Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislature “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of 2 sovereign masters, pain and pleasure, it is for them alone to point out what we ought to do as well as to determine what we shall do.”

6. John Austin… 1790 – 1859 1790 – 1859 Jeremy Bentham’s pupil Jeremy Bentham’s pupil Learned about utilitarianism Learned about utilitarianism

7. Continued… Believed purpose of law was to secure the happiness of the majority Believed purpose of law was to secure the happiness of the majority However, unlike Jeremy Bentham… Separated law from morality Separated law from morality Morals are subjective Morals are subjective

8. Continued… People referred morals to the Bible People referred morals to the Bible Canada: Canada: Church & State separation

9. Continued… Positive law Positive law Provided an objective measure of judgment Provided an objective measure of judgment