1. Program Analysis Mooly Sagiv http://www.math.tau.ac.il/~sagiv/courses/pa.html Tel Aviv University 640-6706 Sunday 18-21 Scrieber 8 Monday 10-12 Schrieber 317 Textbook: Dataflow Analysis Chapter 2 & Appendix A Monotone Frameworks and Precision

2. Outline u Lattice Theory u Monotone Dataflow Frameworks u Precision of Data Flow Analysis

3. Lattice Theory u The Foundation of –Denotational semantics –Program analysis u Special topology theory u Generalizes powersets and integers

4. Partial Orders u Consider a set P u A partial order is a relation  : P  P  {false, true} such that: –  is reflexive  p  P: p  p –  is transitive  p 1, p 2, p 3  P, p 1  p 2, p 2  p 3  p 1  p 3 –  is anti-symmetric  p 1, p 2  P : p 1  p 2, p 2  p 1  p 1 =p 2 u Partially ordered sets (Posets) (P,  ) u Examples –(R,  ) –(P(S),  ) –(P(S),  ) –(Alphanumeric-Strings, Lexicographic-order)

5. Upper Bounds u Consider a Poset (P,  ) u An element u  P is an upper bound of a subset S  P if  s  S: s  u u An element u  P is a least upper bound of a subset S  P if –u is an upper bound of S –For every upper bound u’ of S: u  u’ u The least upper bound of every S is unique if exists (denoted by  S) u For S={p 1,p 2 } p 1  p 2 =  {p 1, p 2 }

6. Lower Bounds u Consider a Poset (P,  ) u An element l  P is a lower bound of a subset S  P if  s  S: l  s u An element l  P is a greatest lower bound of a subset S  P if –l is a lower bound of S –For every lower bound l’ of S: l’  l u The greatest lower bound of every S is unique if exists (denoted by  S) u For S={p 1, p 2 } p 1  p 2 =  {p 1, p 2 }

7. Complete Lattices u The Poset (L,  ) such that every subset S  L  S and  S are both defined is called complete lattice u Denoted by (L,  ) = (L, , , , ,  ) –  is the minimum value –  =   =  L –  is the maximum value –  =  L =  

8. Lattices in Program Analysis u The Poset (L,  ) describes “potential pieces of abstract information” (known when the analysis begins) ul1l2ul1l2 –l 1 is at least as precise as l 2 –l 2 describes at least the program states described by l 1 –  describes an empty set of program states –  describes all the program states (trivial solution) u l 1  l 2 is the effect of integrating l 1 and l 2 from different control-flow paths u l 1  l 2 is the effect of integrating l 1 and l 2 from the same control-flow path

9. Lemma A.2 u Given a Poset (P,  ) the following claims are equivalent –(i) P is a complete lattice –(ii) for every subset S  P  S is defined –(iii) for every subset S  P  S is defined

10. Chains u Consider a Poset (P,  ) u A chain is subset S  P which is totally ordered –for every s 1, s 2  S: s 1  s 2 or s 1  s 2 u P satisfies the ascending chain condition if all the ascending chains in L is finite u P has a finite height h if all chains contains at most h+1 elements

11. Construction of Complete Lattices u It is possible to construct lattices from other lattices (like compound data-types) u Allows natural generalizations of static analysis algorithms u Examples: –Cartesian products –Total function space

12. Cartesian Products u Consider lattices –(L 1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1 ) –(L 2,  2,  2,  2,  2,  2 ) u Define L = (L 1  L 2,  ) where (l 1, l 2 )  (u 1, u 2 ) if l 1  1 u 1 and l 2  2 u 2 u L is a complete lattice –  S = (  1 {l 1 :  l 2 : (l 1, l 2 )  S},  2 {l 2 :  l 1 : (l 1, l 2 )  S}) –  S = (  1 {l 1 :  l 2 : (l 1, l 2 )  S},  2 {l 2 :  l 1 : (l 1, l 2 )  S}) –  = (  1,  2 ) –  = (  1,  2 ) –If L 1 has a finite height h 1 and L 2 has a finite height h 2 then...

13. Total Function Space u Consider –A lattice (L 1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1 ) –A set S u Define L = (S  L 1,  ) where f 1  f 2 if for every s  S: f 1 (s)  1 f 2 (s) u L is a complete lattice –(  Y)(s) =  1 {f(s) : f  Y} –(  Y)(s) =  1 {f(s) : f  Y} –  (s) =  1 –  (s)=  1 –If L 1 has a finite height h 1 and S is finite then...

14. Properties of Functions u Consider a function f: L 1  L 2 where (L 1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1 ) and (L 2,  2,  2,  2,  2,  2 ) complete lattice u f is strict if f(  1 )=  2 u f is monotone (or order-preserving) if  s 1, b 1  L 1 : s 1  1 b 1  f(s 1 )  2 f(b 1 ) u f is additive (or distributive) if  s 1, b 1  L 1 : f(s 1  1 b 1 ) = f(s 1 )  2 f(b 1 )

15. Fixed Points u Consider a function f: L  L where (L, , , , ,  ) is a complete lattice u Let Fix(f) be the sets of fixed points of f Fix(f) = { l | f(l) = l } –lfp(f) is the least element in Fix(f) (unique if exists) –gfp(f) is the greatest element in Fix(f) (unique if exists) u Let Pre(f) be the sets of pre fixed points of f Pre(f) = { l | f(l)  l } (Red(f)) u Let Post(f) be the sets of post fixed points of f Post(f) = { l | l  f(l) } (Ext(f)) u Tarski’s Theorem: if f is monotone then: –lfp(f) =  Pre(f) –gfp(f) =  Post(f)

16. Constructive Version of Tarski’s Theorem u Define the sequence: –l 0 =  –l i+1 = f(l i ) u l i  lfp(f) u If L has height h l h =lfp(f) u Improvements –stop when no more changes occur –Chaotic iterations

17. Monotone Frameworks u Generalizes Kill/Gen Problems u a complete lattice (L, , , , ,  ) describes the “potential pieces of information” u The initial value at entry is specified by  L u The effect of every basic block at l is described by a monotone function f l :L  L (transfer function) u Solve the following system of equations (forward)

18. Instances of Monotone Frameworks u Kill/Gen Problems –  =  or  =  –f l (entry(l)) = (entry (l) - kill(l))  gen(l) u May be uninitialized (garbage) variables u Constant propagation u Truly-live variables u Points-to analysis

19. May-be-garbage variables u A variable may-be-garbage at a label l if there may be a path to l in which it is either uninitialized or set using an uninitilized variable [x := 5] 1 ; if [z > 2] 2 then [y := 17] 3 ; else [skip] 4 ; [t := y + x] 5 ;

20. May-be-garbage variables(cont) u L = (P(Var * ), , , , , Var * ) u Initial value  =Var * u Transfer functions

21. Constant Propagation u Determine variables with constant values u Information Lattice –Extended integer lattice (L 1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1 ) » L 1 = Z  {  1,  1 } »  1  1 z  1  1 –Define L = (S  L 1,  ) where S=Var * u Transfer functions A cp : AExp  (L  L 1 )

22. Chaotic Iterations for l  Lab * do DF entry (l) :=  DF exit (l) :=  DF entry (init(S * )) :=  WL= Lab * while WL !=  do Select and remove an arbitrary l  WL if (temp != DF exit (l)) DF exit (l) := temp for l' such that (l,l')  flow(S*) do DF entry (l') := DF entry (l')  DF exit (l) WL := WL  {l’}

23. Complexity of Chaotic Iterations u Parameters: –|Lab| labels –k is the maximum outdegree of flow(S*) –A lattice of height h –c is the maximum cost of »applying f l »  »L comparisons u Complexity O(|Lab| h * c * k)

24. Soundness of Chaotic Iterations u define abstraction  : Collecting-States  L u Show that for every l: –  ({  [b] l  (s) | s  CS })  f l (  (CS)) u Conclude that the DF solution of Chaotic iterations satisfies for every l: –  (CS entry (l))  DF entry (l) –  (CS exit (l))  DF exit (l) u But it may be that Chaotic iterations yield DF entry (l) =  and yet  (CS entry (l))=  u How to measure precision?

25. Precision of Chaotic Iterations u Optimal –  (CS entry (l)) = DF entry (l) –  (CS exit (l)) = DF exit (l) u Join-over-all-paths - No loss of information w.r.t. straight line code u Relatively optimal (induced) w.r.t. the abstraction  u Compare at run-time u Good enough for the used optimization

26. The Join-Over-All-Paths (JOP) u Let paths(init(S * ), l) denote the potentially infinite set paths from init(S * ) to l (written as sequences of labels) u For a sequence of labels [l 1, l 2, …, l n ] define f [l 1, l 2, …, l n ]: L  L by composing the effects of basic blocks f [l 1, l 2, …, l n ](s) = f l n (… (f l 2 (f l 1 (s)) …) u JOP l =  {f[l 1, l 2, …, l](  ) [l 1, l 2, …, l]  paths(init(S * ), l)}

27. JOP vs. Least Solution u The DF solution obtained by Chaotic iteration satisfies for every l: –JOP l  DF entry (l) u If every f l is additive (distributive) for all the labels l –JOP l = DF entry (l)

28. Static Analysis problems beyond Monotone Frameworks u Infinite heights –integer intervals –Linear relationships between variables u Bi-directional problems u Procedures

29. Conclusions u Many dataflow problems can be solved via the Chaotic Iteration Algorithm u Provide a tool to understand precision