2. The complex molecules that comprise organisms are based on carbon

3. CB 54.17 Carbon cycle

4. Solar energy: incoming and outgoing http://www.esr.org/outreach/climate_change/basics/basics.html

6. CO 2 and other greenhouse gases keep heat from radiating back into space http://www.esr.org/outreach/climate_change/basics/basics.html

7. CB 54.24 CO 2 levels in Hawaii and average global temp.

8. http://www.esr.org/outreach/climate_change/basics/basics.html

11. Recent increases in global temperature have reversed a slight cooling trend

12. Vikings in Greenland in the 1200- 1400’s

14. As the climate cooled, the Vikings were forced to abandon their outposts

15. 370

16. ~500 m people ~300 m people ~2.5 b people Relative contributions to Global Warming

17. Effects of global warming are already visible http://blogs.sciencemag.org/newsblog/2007/02/h oldren_wants_d.html#more http://podcasts.aaas.org/science_podcast/Science Podcast_070216.mp3 http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/pages/glaciers. html

18. Observed and projected ice cap melting http://www.esr.org/outreach/climate_change/basics/basics.html

20. Global Change & Human Health (2001) V 2 # 1 pg 64

21. Precipitation changes 1900 to 2000

22. Global Change & Human Health (2001) V 2 # 1 pg 64 Change in risk of malaria by 2080

23. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;319/5862/424

24. World Primary Energy Supply 2004 http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/sustainability/

25. U.S. Energy use in 2005 http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/sustainability/

26. Research money spent on alternative energy http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/sustainability/

27. Much of our Alternative Energy Research is in Biofuels

28. ~28% of U.S. energy is used in transportation http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.html U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 26-2007.

29. In 2005, there were almost 239 million vehicles (cars, buses, and trucks) in the United States. http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.html U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 26-2007.

30. Automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, and buses drove nearly 3.0 trillion miles in 2005. That’s almost 1/12 th the distance to the nearest (non-sun) star. It’s like driving to the sun and back 13,440 times. Transportation fuel use http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transport ation.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transport ation.html U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 26-2007.

31. http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.html U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 26-2007. Vehicle Energy Use

32. Ethanol vs Gasoline prices http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/sustainability/

33. Biofuel production http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/sustainability/

34. Fermentation: break down sugar to ethanol

35. http://www.iogen.ca/images/m1 _fuel_cycle2.jpg

36. Nature Biotechnology 20, 557 - 558 (2002) Lignin removal is necessary for cellulose processing

37. CB 36.2 Water and minerals move up from the ground in xylem.

38. water transport limits plant growth

39. CB 35.20 Most of wood is xylem

40. xylem Xylem is tough, and full of lignin- inhibits the ability to use plants to produce biofuels

41. Nature Biotechnology 20, 557 - 558 (2002) Lignin removal is necessary for cellulose processing

42. xylem Research is ongoing to produce woody and non-woody plants with decreased lignin to improve the efficiency of biofuel production

43. Biofuel production http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/sustainability/

44. Much of our Alternative Energy Research is in Biofuels

45. Human resource production and use Worldwide Grain Production per Person http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

46. World Grain Stocks as Days of Consumption http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

47. ~60 percent of the world grain harvest is consumed as food, ~36 percent as feed, and ~3 percent as fuel. While the use of grain for food and feed grows by roughly 1 percent per year, that used for fuel is growing by over 20 percent per year. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

48. Wheat prices Corn prices late 1999 - Dec 2007

49. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

50. Increasing oil prices drive up potential profit, and cost of food crops Cost of oil----Profitable cost of corn for ethanol $50 ---- $4/bushel $100 ---- $7/bushel $140 ---- $10/bushel Current corn price: ~$8/bushel http://www.farmdoc.uiuc.edu/manage/newsletters/fefo07_11/fefo07_11.html http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

51. Whereas previous dramatic rises in world grain prices were weather-induced, this one is policy-induced and can be dealt with by policy adjustments. If the entire U.S. grain harvest were converted into ethanol, it would satisfy scarcely 18 percent of our automotive fuel needs. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm