1. ‘Born Bad’ Workshop My involvement with Uniview:
Free monthly teaching download available from e-xtension pages (link on homepage).
Collaboration on psychology productions such as PsyKits.
Visit the Uniview stand at the ATP conference for:
High quality teaching resources ranging from posters, models and classroom extras to resource packs, dvds and cd-roms.
15% off all resources purchased at the conference.

2. Born bad? What are the
causes of crime?
Julia Russell

3. Is menacing behaviour like stalking a product of nature or nurture?

4. Are some people biologically predisposed to become criminals?
Car theft - either can be chosen 4

5. Do psychological factors affect the incidence of criminality?
Car theft - either can be chosen
Do psychological factors affect the incidence of criminality? 5

6. Is antisocial behaviour a product of social factors?
Sorry the best I could do

7. Biological explanations

8. Atavism
Atavism

9. prominent eyebrow ridges
narrow sloping brow
prominent eyebrow ridges  X 
large ears
protruding chin
Lombroso – atavistic features ?

10. Worst Passport Photos In the Wrold
Facebook group:
Worst Passport Photos In the Wrold
Yahoo group
Intro for students: your family’s passport photos!

11. Body build: somatotypes

12. SOMATOTYPE ACTIVITY
SOMATOTYPE ACTIVITY

13. William Sheldon somatotypes
mesomorphic
muscular and hard
aggressive, adventurous
…and criminal
endomorphic
fa and soft
sociable, relaxed
ectomorphic
thin and fragile
introverted, restrained
William Sheldon S& C activity
William Sheldon
somatotypes

14. XYY
Genetic: chromosomes

15. Family studies
Genetic: family studies

17. grandparents
parents
25%
25%
50%
aunts/uncles
siblings
50%

18. Farrington et al (1991) 6% of families responsible for 50% of crimes
Here are 33 families
Hearty, the Captain; Snuffet, the Undertaker; Snoot, the First Class Passenger; Deck, the Swabhand; Stitches, the Sailmaker; Block, the Barber; Bones, the Butcher; Brush, the Artist; Wig the lawyer; Bud, the Florist; Bun, the Baker ; Bung, the Brewer; Chalk, the Teacher; Chip, the Carpenter; Constable, the Policeman; Creep, the Crook; Dose, the Doctor; Dip, the Dyer; Byte the programmer; Field, the Farmer; Flea, the vet; Green, the Greengrocer; Grits, the Grocer; Jumbo, the pilot; Mug, the Milkman; Pipe, the plumber; Sole, the Fisherman; Soot, the Sweep; Stamp, the Postman; Tape, the Tailor; Teeth, the dentist; Tuckin, the Chef; Pots, the Painter.
Here are 33 families
Hearty, the Captain; Snuffet, the Undertaker; Snoot, the First Class Passenger; Deck, the Swabhand; Stitches, the Sailmaker; Block, the Barber; Bones, the Butcher; Brush, the Artist; Wig the lawyer; Bud, the Florist; Bun, the Baker ; Bung, the Brewer; Chalk, the Teacher; Chip, the Carpenter; Constable, the Policeman; Creep, the Crook; Dose, the Doctor; Dip, the Dyer; Byte the programmer; Field, the Farmer; Flea, the vet; Green, the Greengrocer; Grits, the Grocer; Jumbo, the pilot; Mug, the Milkman; Pipe, the plumber; Sole, the Fisherman; Soot, the Sweep; Stamp, the Postman; Tape, the Tailor; Teeth, the dentist; Tuckin, the Chef; Pots, the Painter.
How many of the families would you expect to be responsible for half of all the crimes committed?
Farrington et al (1991) 6% of families responsible for 50% of crimes

19. The Creeps and just one other…
Here are 33 ‘Happy Families’
Hearty, the Captain; Snuffet, the Undertaker; Snoot, the First Class Passenger; Deck, the Swabhand; Stitches, the Sailmaker; Block, the Barber; Bones, the Butcher; Brush, the Artist; Wig the lawyer; Bud, the Florist; Bun, the Baker ; Bung, the Brewer; Chalk, the Teacher; Chip, the Carpenter; Constable, the Policeman; Creep, the Crook; Dose, the Doctor; Dip, the Dyer; Byte the programmer; Field, the Farmer; Flea, the vet; Green, the Greengrocer; Grits, the Grocer; Jumbo, the pilot; Mug, the Milkman; Pipe, the plumber; Sole, the Fisherman; Soot, the Sweep; Stamp, the Postman; Tape, the Tailor; Teeth, the dentist; Tuckin, the Chef; Pots, the Painter.
Here are 33 ‘Happy Families’
Hearty, the Captain; Snuffet, the Undertaker; Snoot, the First Class Passenger; Deck, the Swabhand; Stitches, the Sailmaker; Block, the Barber; Bones, the Butcher; Brush, the Artist; Wig the lawyer; Bud, the Florist; Bun, the Baker ; Bung, the Brewer; Chalk, the Teacher; Chip, the Carpenter; Constable, the Policeman; Creep, the Crook; Dose, the Doctor; Dip, the Dyer; Byte the programmer; Field, the Farmer; Flea, the vet; Green, the Greengrocer; Grits, the Grocer; Jumbo, the pilot; Mug, the Milkman; Pipe, the plumber; Sole, the Fisherman; Soot, the Sweep; Stamp, the Postman; Tape, the Tailor; Teeth, the dentist; Tuckin, the Chef; Pots, the Painter.
How many of the families would you expect to be responsible for half of all the crimes committed?
The Creeps and just one other…
Farrington et al (1991) 6% of families responsible for 50% of crimes

20. But what about the other 60%?
Non-criminal families (the Blocks, the Tapes and the Boneses)
Criminal families (the Crooks)
13% criminal sons
40% criminal sons
Jaques' Happy Families: In 1851 the games manufacturer John Jaques of London (founded in 1795) commissioned a set of drawings from John Tenniel, later Sir John, the chief cartoonist of Punch, for their new game of Happy Families. The game was shown at the Great Exhibition of that year and was an instant success, rapidly superseding similar games such as John Bull in which players also collected sets of four cards. Jaques' version of Happy Families remained popular until the Second World War, but was lucky to survive thereafter. In 1941, during the Blitz, a large bomb destroyed the Hatton Garden factory. However, a safe, which had been kept at the top of the building and had fallen through to the basement, yielded the charred remains of an old pattern book, which included the originals for all the firm's card games and one example of the Happy Families card game - Master Potts the Painter's son. Later the printing plates for the game were discovered intact and so Happy Families lived on.
Osborn & West (1979) Only 13% of sons of non-criminal fathers had convictions, but 40% of sons of criminal fathers had convictions…
But what about the other 60%?

21. Twin and adoption studies
Genetic: twin and adoption studies

22. 22

23. Lyons et al

26. Adoption studies
Mednick et al. (1987) surveyed court convictions in Denmark which included 14,427 adoptees. The criminal records of their biological and adoptive parents showed that many of these adoptees had criminal biological parents (especially for those with chronic offender parents and for father/sons) – supporting the biological explanation (although the type of crime was unrelated).
Where there was an improvement in social conditions there was a reduction in crime – contradicting the biological explanation.
However, if the biological parents’ conviction occurred before adoption, the adoptive parents were informed. This might have had and effect…
But it didn’t!

27. adopted before conviction adopted after conviction
Percentage of offspring convicted
adopted before conviction
adopted after conviction
sons
15.6
16.1
daughters 4
adopted before conviction
adopted after conviction
sons
15.6
16.1
daughters
adopted before conviction
adopted after conviction
sons
daughters

28. …but we aren’t saying that environment doesn’t matter
biological parents have criminal record
adoptive parents have criminal record
% of sons with criminal record (Mednick, 1987)
% of sons with criminal record (Bohman, 1995) no
13.5 3
yes
14.7 7

29. …but environmental and biological factors together…
biological parents have criminal record
adoptive parents have criminal record
% of sons with criminal record (Mednick, 1987)
% of sons with criminal record (Bohman, 1995) no
13.5 3
yes
20.0 12
14.7 7
24.5 40

30. Genes
Genetic: breeding and gene manipulation studies

31. Lagerspetz

32. Potentiation by nitric oxide
neurotransmission
So, to return to the role of nitric oxide – it matters in animals, does it matter in people?
Potentiation by nitric oxide

33. Nelson et al. (1995) found that male mice with the nNOS2/2 gene deleted were more aggressive than normal.
94% of Lab Rats prefer saccharin over cocaine // Current
10 Nov When rats were allowed to choose mutually-exclusively between water sweetened with saccharin–an intense calorie-free sweetener–and ... current.com/.../ _94-of-lab-rats-prefer-saccharin-over-cocaine.htm
Demas et al. (1999) found that deleting eNOS2/2 eliminated aggression in male mice – even though they had extra-strong front legs!

34. Ethics

35. Test yourself
BARRATT IMPULSIVENESS SCALE

36. Test yourself: Impulsiveness
NON-PLANNING
MOTOR
IMPULSIVENESS
COGNITIVE
TOTAL IMPULSIVENESS
PERCENTILE 35 25 22 75 85 30 23 20 70 27 21 18 65 50 24 19 16 60 17 14 55 15
An online impulsivity test to compare for reliability & validity:
(it gives a score and places it on a frequency distribution)
The evidence for a link between criminality and impulsivity is well documented eg because it’s free:

37. Impulsive behaviour and criminal behaviour appear to be linked
impulsivity
Reif et al. (2009) impulsivity in humans is linked to NOS1. One variant in participants from psychiatric clinics (including 182 criminals) was more frequent in adults with ADHD, some personality disorders, and aggressive behaviour. In these individuals, the gene variant also reduced activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (which processes information about emotion and reward).
Reif et al. (2009) investigated links between impulsivity and NOS1 variants in psychiatric patients (182 were criminals). The gene variant was more frequent in adults with ADHD, some personality disorders, and aggressive behaviour to self and others. Testing brain activity in these individuals showed the gene variant reduced activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (processes info about emotion and reward, so the gene variant may affect control of impulsive behaviour linked to aggression).

38. Brains and neurotransmitters

39. prefrontal cortex

40. Threatening behaviour

41. hypothalamus
amygdala

42. Brain and neurotransmitters

43. Mice with reduced serotonin are more aggressive

45. Psychological explanations

46. Self-fulfilling prophecy

47. Monday’s child is fair of face, Tuesday’s child is full of grace, Wednesday’s child is full of woe, Thursday’s child has far to go, Friday’s child is loving and giving, Saturday’s child works hard for his living, And the child that is born on the Sabbath day Is bonny and blithe, and good and gay.

48. Sally
Jenny
Kevin
Dave
Betty
Belinda
Angela
Mike
Jade
Tracey
Alan
Valerie
Sandra
Yasmin
Karen

49. Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday

50. Signs of the zodiac Aries 20 March – 20 April Taurus 20 April – 21 May
Gemini
21 May – 21 June
Cancer
21 June – 22 July
Leo
22 July – 23 August
Virgo
23 August – 23 September
Libra
23 September – 23 October
Scorpio
23 October – 22 November
Sagittarius
22 November – 22 December
Capricorn
22 December – 20 January
Aquarius
20 January – 18 February
Pisces
18 February – 20 March
Give each member of the class descriptions of each sign of the zodiac. They have to place every other class member into a sign. These are then checked against there actual sign.

51. loittering

52. Jahoda (1954) boys’ names
Children in Ashanti and other Akan areas of Ghana, West Africa are given ‘soul names’ which relate to a day of the week:
Monday: Kwadowo
Wednesday: Kwaku
mild-mannered and peace-loving
aggressive and violent

53. 13.5% of boys referred to the courts had Wednesday as part of their name...but they were responsible for much more (22%) of the violent crimes.
Only 6.9% of juvenile delinquents were Monday boys, although Monday boys were 13% of the population

54. Madon et al. (2003)
Underage drinking

55. community
payback
community
payback

56. Psychoticism
Card activity

57. Hans Eysenck
Revised P sccale

58. Social explanations

59. Social learning

60. Children See, Children Do
video

63. Card activity
St Helena Island
St Helena Island