1. Concepts of ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
The HUMAN BODY
Concepts of
ANATOMY
and
PHYSIOLOGY

2. ANATOMY
The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.
FORM
Other terms include shape, structure, and appearance.

3. PHYSIOLOGY
The scientific study of the functioning of specific body parts and systems.
FUNCTION

4. The study of function is?
iRespond Question F
Multiple Choice
A.) anatomy
B.) physiology
C.) science
D.) catabolism
E.)

5. Levels of Organization
Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
System Level
Organism Level

6. Levels of Organization

7. Chemical Level
All chemical substances essential for maintaining life – atoms-compounds-molecules.
Major Elements
C - carbon
H - hydrogen
O - oxygen
N - nitrogen

8. Cellular Level The cell is the basic unit of structure and function.
Each cell has a unique structure and function.
Muscle cells
Nerve cells
Blood cells
Cartilage cells

9. Tissue Level
Collection of similar cells grouped together to perform a specific function.
Usually derived from a common embryonic origin.
Four Major Tissue Types
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Muscular Tissue

10. Organ Level Structures composed of two or more different tissues.
Have specific functions.
Usually have recognizable shapes
Heart
Brain
Kidney
Liver

11. System Level An association of organs that have a common function.
Digestive System
Cardiovascular System
Nervous System
Lymphatic System

12. Organism Level
All body systems are functioning with one another as a living individual.

13. Put the levels of organization in order
iRespond Question F
Multiple Choice
A.) chemical, cellular, organism, tissue, system, organ
B.) organ, system, cellular, tissue, chemical, tissue
C.) chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
D.) system, tissue, chemical, organ, organism, cellular
E.)

14. The sum total of all chemical processes that occur in the body.
Metabolism
The sum total of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

15. Using energy to synthesize or manufacture new tissue or molecules.
Anabolism
Using energy to synthesize or manufacture new tissue or molecules.

16. Catabolism
The breakdown of tissues or chemical structures to produce or generate energy.

17. You are running a marathon what is happening within your cells?
iRespond Question F
Multiple Choice
A.) anabolism
B.) catabolism
C.)
D.)
E.)

18. Position Descriptors Superior (Cranial) Inferior (Caudal)
Anterior (Ventral)
Posterior (Dorsal)
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal

19. Position Descriptors

20. Anatomical Terms

21. Movement Descriptors flexion extension hyperextension abduction
adduction
plantar flexion
dorsiflexion
circumduction
supination (LR)
pronation (MR)
inversion
eversion
elevation
depression
protraction
retraction

22. Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)
Special Movements
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Supination
Pronation
Opposition
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

23. Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)
Abduction
Movement of a bone away from the midline
Moving the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint
Adduction
Movement of a bone toward the midline
Movement that returns body parts to normal position from abduction
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

24. Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)
Circumduction
Movement of a body part in a circle
Moving the humerus in a circle at the shoulder joint
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

25. Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)
Rotation
A bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
Turning the head from side to side as when you shake your head “no”
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

26. Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints)
Special Movements
Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

27. Planes
Fixed lines of reference along which the body or organ is often divided to facilitate viewing.

28. Body Planes

29. Sagittal Plane
A vertical plane which divides the body or structure into right and left sections.

30. Sagittal Section of Thorax

31. MRI of Brain

32. Mid-Sagittal Plane
A vertical plane which divides a body or structure into equal right and left halves.

33. Frontal (Coronal) Plane
A vertical plane which divides a body or structure into anterior and posterior sections

34. X-Ray: Frontal View

35. Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
A horizontal plane which divides a body or structure into superior and inferior sections.

36. Transverse Plane (Cross Section)

37. Chest CT Scan

38. Brain MRI

39. Planes - Overview

40. You are doing heart surgery and have to cut through the rib cage, what kind of a cut will you make?
iRespond Question F
Multiple Choice
A.) midsagittal
B.) frontal
C.) transverse
D.)
E.)

41. Spaces within the body that contain the internal organs.
BODY CAVITIES
Spaces within the body that contain the internal organs.

42. Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial Cavity Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity
Contains the brain
Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity
Bony cavity formed by the vertebrae of the spine that contains and protects the spinal cord.

43. Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity
Pleural cavities (2)
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

44. Thoracic cavity

45. You have just received a gun shot to the chest, which cavity did it go through?
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice F
A.) Abdominopelvic
B.) cranial
C.) thoracic
E.)

46. Body Cavities

47. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
The abdominopelvic cavity can be functionally divided into quadrants.
Used by clinical personnel to describe the location of abdominopelvic pain, tumors, and other abnormalities.

48. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Used mostly in the medical and clinical disciplines.
Functionally divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrants
RUQ - Right Upper Quadrant
LUQ - Left Upper Quadrant
RLQ - Right Lower Quadrant
LLQ - Left Lower Quadrant

49. Quadrants and Organs RUQ – liver, gallbladder, right kidney
LUQ – stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidney
RLQ – appendix, right ovary
LLQ – left ovary

50. Abdominopelvic Quadrants

51. Nine body regions Epigastric Lumbar Umbilical Ingunial Gastric Right
Hypo
chondriac
Epigastric
Left
Lumbar
Umbilical
Ingunial
Gastric

52. Homeostasis
The ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment within prescribed physiological limits.

53. Parameters Maintained in Homeostasis
gas concentrations
temperature
pressure
pH (acidity)
nutrients
water

54. STRESS Any factor which disrupts homeostasis.
Any stimulus which creates an imbalance in the body’s internal environment
Anything that causes stress - Stressor
Physical
Emotional
Metabolic
Environmental

55. External Stressors
Heat
Cold
Noise
Light
Exercise

56. Internal Stressors Pain Tumors High blood pressure Chemical imbalances
Unpleasant thoughts

57. Feedback Mechanisms
Any circular situation in which information about something is monitored and sent to a control center

58. Components of a Feedback Mechanism
Control Center
An area that receives information about a monitored condition and determines an appropriate response.
Receptor
An area or structure that monitors a controlled condition.
Effector
Structure that produces a response or changes a controlled condition.

59. Feedback Mechanisms

60. Types of Feedback Mechanisms
Negative Feedback Mechanisms (Inhibitory)
The response counteracts the input.
The most common feedback mechanism.
Examples:
blood pressure
blood sugar regulation
cardiac output
temperature regulation
Positive Feedback Mechanisms (Stimulatory)
The response is intensified by the input.
Example: Breastfeeding by an infant, childbirth, and blood clotting.

61. Negative Feedback System

62. Positive Feedback System

63. Which feedback mechanism reverses the reaction to return to homeostasis?
iRespond Question F
Multiple Choice
A.) Negative
B.) Positive
C.) Neutral
D.)
E.)

64. MRI Machines