1. WHAT IS THE VALUE OF WATER?

2. FACTS ABOUT WATER ~ 75% 3% Icebergs Great Lakes One
What percent of the planet is water?
How much is fresh water?
Where is most of the fresh water?
25% of the world’s drinking water comes from this lake.
How many oceans are there?
What are the names of the oceans?
What percent of your body is water?
~ 75% 3%
Icebergs
Great Lakes
One
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic
~70%

3. Earth / \ 25% Land 75% water / \ 97% salt 3% fresh | / \
/ \
97% salt % fresh
| / \
oceans % glaciers % drinkable
/ \
coastal (~10%) open sea (90%) │
Contains 90% of all marine species
/ │ \
coastal wetlands estuaries coral reefs

4. OCEANS OF OUR PLANET

6. What impact have humans had on marine ecosystems?
1,200 marine species have become extinct in past 100 years
Up to ½ all known fish species are threatened with extinction due to:
Overfishing
Habitat destruction
Pollution
½ wetlands are gone (agriculture/development)
27% of world’s coral reefs are gone or seriously threatened
70% could be gone within next 50 years
70 % beaches eroded due to development and rising sea levels

7. What services do marine ecosystems provide us with?
Ecological
Climate moderation
CO2 absorption
Nutrient cycling
Water treatment
Reduced storm impact (wetlands)
Habitat
biodiversity
Economic:
Food
Medicine (coral reefs)
Transportation
Habitat for humans (coastal)
Employment
Oil/gas
minerals

8. WHAT ARE HYDROTHERMAL VENTS?

9. What Is The Water Cycle?

11. What is a Riparian Zone?
RIPARIAN ZONE
RIPARIAN ZONE

12. Why is a riparian zone important to aquatic ecosystem?
Riparian zones are narrow strips of land bordering lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water
Riparian zones are important for several reasons;
Biodiversity: mammals, fish, amphibians, insects, plants liking moisture
Water quality: traps fertilizers, pesticides, heavy metals, pathogens
Protection against erosion: traps sediments (#1 pollutant in rivers)
Temperature regulation: Riparian plants shield water from sun (thermal pollution)
Property value: beautiful scenery, prevents loss of land, and provides privacy

13. What services do freshwater aquatic ecosystems provide us with?
Environmental:
Climate moderation
Nutrient cycling
Waste treatment
Flood control
Groundwater recharge
Habitat
biodiversity
Economic:
Food
Drinking water
Irrigation for crops
Hydroelectricity
Transportation
Recreation
employment

14. What is a Watershed?
The simple definition It's the area of land that catches rain and snow and drains or seeps into a marsh, stream, river, lake or groundwater.

15. What are Topographic Maps?
Topographic maps show a 3 dimensional world in 2 dimensions by using contour lines.
Contour lines are curves that connect contiguous points of the same altitude

16. How do we determine Contour Intervals?
The contour interval measurement is the vertical distance between adjacent contour lines
What is the contour interval on this map?
Determine the altitude of points a, b, c.

17. What are Hachures?
If a loop instead represents a depression, some maps note this by short lines radiating from the inside of the loop, called "hachures".

18. What do the Colors Represent?
Colors The colors on a topographic map are symbolic of different map features.
Blue = water
Green = forest
Brown = contour lines
Black = cultural features (buildings, place names, boundary lines, roads, etc.)
Red = principal roads
Pink = urban areas
Purple = revisions to an older map, compiled from aerial photos. If an area has become urbanized, this may be shown as purple shading on the new, revised map.

19. Where does most of our drinking water come from?
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well

20. Where Does All The Water Go?
Municipal/Residential %
Industrial %
Paper/pulp %
Wood/Lumber %
Mining/oil/gas %
Other %
Agricultural %

21. Residential Use Of Water
Lawns %
Toilet %
Bathing %
Laundry %
Dishes %
Drinking %

22. Can we learn from our mistakes?
Aral Sea Crisis
Location: Russia
Diversion of water to irrigate cotton fields, vegetable, fruit and rice crops has caused:
Tripling of sea’s salinity
Decreasing the sea’s surface area by 54% and volume by 75%
Converting the lake bottom to a human-made desert
Devastated the fishing industry (extinction of 20 out of 24 fish species)
Alteration of climate
Health problems such as throat cancer from toxic dust

23. Can the Aral Sea be Saved?
Already $600 million has been invested in:
Purifying drinking water
Improving irrigation techniques
Constructing artificial wetlands
However this will take decades for area to improve and this will not prevent Aral Sea from shrinking into a few brine lakes

24. The shrinking Ogallala Aquifer
The world’s largest aquifer (size of lake Huron) is a nonrenewable resource produced by the last ice age (15,000-30,000years ago) with an extremely slow recharge area due to the clay content in the soil.
It is being depleted much faster than it is able to recharge.
At this rate ¼ of the remaining aquifer will disappear by 2020.

25. What can be done? Use more efficient irrigation systems
Gravity flow
Center pivot
Drip irrigation (best)
Switch to crops that need less water
Irrigate less land
Citizens can conserve water

26. Three Gorges Project
Largest dam project in the world (China) costing $26 billion
One mile long and 575 ft above Yangtze River
Reservoir 350 miles upstream
Scheduled to be completed in 2011
32 turbines, 22,500 megawatts
Displace 2 million people

27. How Does Building Dams Affect The Environment?
Destroys habitats
Displaces people
Causes droughts in other regions
Extremely dangerous if fails
Provides clean power
Controls flooding down river
Provides water

28. What are Sources of Pollution?
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines point source pollution as “any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants are discharged, such as a pipe, ditch, ship or factory smokestack”

29. To drill or not to drill, that is the question?
Oil spills:
Exxon Valdez (1989) in Alaska
Amount spilled estimated 32 million gallons
Double hulled ships to carry oil

30. Bp “Deepwater Horizon” Spill in Gulf (2010)
Amount spilled:
Some Numbers to think about!
27 offshore drilling projects approved in Gulf after BP spill
11 billion gallons of oil spilled each year into oceans
19.5 million barrels of oil used in US per day
$1.6 billion as of June 2010 used to clean up oil spill

31. How can we clean up oil spills?
Mechanical:
Floating booms to contain oil
Skimmer boats to vacuum
Absorbant pads (feathers and hair to clean up)
Chemical:
Coagulating agents to cause oil to clump for easier pick up or sink to bottom
Dispersing agents to break oil apart
Fire (but crude oil is harder to burn than refined oil and contributes to air pollution

32. What is Nonpoint Source Pollution?
Nonpoint-source pollution is another term for polluted runoff.  Water washing over the land, whether from precipitation, car washing or watering crops or lawns, picks up an array of contaminants including oil, sand and salt from roadways, agricultural chemicals, and nutrients and toxic materials from both urban and rural areas. 

33. How Can We Clean Up?
Most environmental projects sooner or later will arrive at the remediation or clean-up stage of the project.
Three forms of cleanup: Physical, Biological, Chemical

34. What is The Clean Water Act of 1972?
It’s goal is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters
All water must be “fishable and swimmable”
Requires discharge permits of major polluters
Identify toxins and use best practical methods to remove pollutants
Set goal for best available technology to be developed in the future

35. How Can We Control Water Pollution?
Reduce NOx and sulfur emissions
Modify agricultural practices
Separate storm water runoff and septic treatment
Decrease silt runoff (# 1 polluter: holding ponds and permeable surfaces)
Seal Landfills
Stop Ocean Dumping