1. Schizophrenia
 Characterized by: confused & disordered thoughts & perceptions
 Most debilitating of the mental disorders
 Deterioration of adaptive behavior

3. Schizophrenia…symptoms
Bizarre behaviors (catatonia, others)
Affect (inappropriate, flat)
Delusions
Speech (disorganized, incoherent)
Hallucinations
Inability to care for self or function
Negative symptoms

4. Positive vs. Negative Sx
POSITIVE SYMPTOMS
Presence of something abnormal
Examples: DELUSIONS, HALLUCINATIONS, DISORGANIZED SPEECH, ODD BODY MVMTS, CATATONIA
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
Absence of something normal
Examples: AVOLITION, ALOGIA, ANHEDONIA, FLAT AFFECT

5. POSITIVE SYMPTOMS DELUSIONS HALLUCINATIONS DISORGANIZED SPEECH
ODD BODY MOVEMENTS
CATATONIA

6. Types Grandeur Identity
POSITIVE SYMPTOMS
DELUSIONS
False beliefs maintained in the face of contrary evidence
Types Grandeur Identity
Persecution Reference
Control
HALLUCINATIONS
Sensations in the absence of external stimuli
Types: visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory

7. Of these positive symptoms delusions, in particular, can be broken down into smaller subsets:
Persecutory delusions – False beliefs that one’s self or one’s loved ones are being persecuted, watched, or conspired against by others.
Delusions of being controlled – Belief that one’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are being imposed or controlled by some external force
Thought broadcasting – Belief that one’s thoughts are being broadcast from one’s mind for others to hear
Thought insertion – Belief that another person or object is inserting thoughts into one’s head

8. Of these positive symptoms delusions, in particular, can be broken down into smaller subsets:
Thought withdrawal – Belief that thoughts are being removed from one’s head by another person or object
Delusions of guilt or sin – False belief that one has committed a terrible act or is responsible for come terrible event
Somatic delusions – False belief that one’s appearance or part of one’s body is diseased or altered
Grandiose delusions – False belief that one has great power, knowledge, or talent or that one is a famous and powerful person

9. Colleen D. Gjefle

10. NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS AVOLITION: “No Initiative”
ALOGIA: “Speech is Vacant”
ANHEDONIA: “No Pleasure”
FLAT AFFECT: “The Mask”
ASOCIALITY: “No Social Interest”

11. SUBTYPES Paranoid Disorganized 3. Catatonic 4. Undifferentiated
5. Residual

12. Paranoid Delusions & Hallucinations Intact Cognition and Affect
No Disorganized Speech
Best Prognosis

13. Disorganized Disorganized Speech Disorganized Behavior
Flat or Inappropriate Affect
Delusions & Hallucinations ~Fragmented or lacking a theme
Often Chronic

14. Catatonic Disorganized Speech Disorganized Behavior
Waxy Flexibility, Rigidity, Odd Mannerisms, Mimicry
Flat or Inappropriate Affect
Delusions & Hallucinations
Fragmented or lacking a theme
Often Chronic

15. Undifferentiated Beginnings of Breakdown
Major symptoms of Schizophrenia
Do NOT meet other criteria
“Waste Basket” philosophy

16. Residual Have had one episode Now mostly symptom-free
>Q: Once a schizophrenic always a schizophrenic?

17. CAUSES

18. Causes of Schizophrenia
Genetic Predisposition
Twin study evidence
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine hypothesis
Brain Structure & Function
Family & Interactions
Double-bind theory
Schizophrenogenic mother

26. TREATMENT/THERAPIES

30. MAPPING THE BRAIN

33. Map reveals the 3-dimensional profile of gray matter loss in the brains of teenagers with early-onset schizophrenia
~with a region of greatest loss in the temporal and frontal brain regions that control memory, hearing, motor functions, and attention.

36. MORE CHARTS

38. Approximate number of people in the United States suffering from:
Schizophrenia: Over 2.2 million
Multiple Sclerosis: 400,000
Insulin-dependent Diabetes: 350,000
Muscular Dystrophy: 35,000

39. FACTS & FIGURES

40. After 10 years, of the people diagnosed with schizophrenia:
25% Completely Recover % Much Improved, relatively independent 25% Improved, but require extensive support 15% Hospitalized, unimproved 10% Dead (Mostly Suicide)
After 30 years, of the people diagnosed with schizophrenia:
25% Completely Recover % Much Improved, relatively independent 15% Improved, but require extensive support 10% Hospitalized, unimproved % Dead (Mostly Suicide)

41. Where are the People with Schizophrenia?
…Approximately:
6% are homeless or live in shelters 6% live in jails or prisons % live in Hospitals % live in Nursing homes % live with a family member % are living independently % live in Supervised Housing (e.g. group homes, etc.)
Approximately 200,000 individuals with schizophrenia or manic-depressive illness are homeless, constituting 1/3 of the approximately 600,000 homeless population
(total homeless population statistic based on data from Department of Health and Human Services).

42. The 45 percent who acknowledged that they needed treatment
The 45 percent who acknowledged that they needed treatment ~(and thus had awareness of their illness) ~but still were not receiving treatment cited many reasons for this.
These included (respondent could check several reasons):
32% "wanted to solve problem on own" 27% "thought the problem would get better by itself" 20% "too expensive" 18% "unsure about where to go for help" 17% "help probably would not do any good" 16% "health insurance would not cover treatment

43. FY 1999 NIH research expenditures
DISEASE
FY 1999 NIH research expenditures
Prevalence: Individuals with this disease
NIH research dollars per person affected
HIV (including AIDS)
$1,792,700,000
800,000
$2,240.88
Lung cancer
$163,100,000
342,457
$476.26
Cervical cancer
$75,200,000
231,064
$325.45
Multiple sclerosis
$96,300,000
350,000
$275.14
Breast cancer
$474,700,000
2,197,504
$216.02
Colorectal cancer
$175,900,000
1,041,499
$168.89
Parkinson’s disease
$132,300,000
1,000,000
$132.30
Prostate cancer
$177,500,000
1,637,208
$108.42
Alzheimer’s disease
$406,500,000
4,000,000
$101.62
Schizophrenia
$196,515,000
2,632,396
$74.65
Bipolar disorder
$57,805,000
2,227,412
$25.95
Depression
$199,600,000
10,732,076
$18.60
Panic disorder
$19,049,000
3,239,872
$5.88
Obsessive-Compulsive disorder
$12,693,000
4,859,808
$2.61