1. Sentence Correction
This story from the misty regions of Englands past is about a hero. To save people, he faces the following violence, horror, and even death. The epics events take place in the distant past but this story still speaks to people today. Perhaps beowulf is interesting because their are still so many people in need of a hero, or rescuer. Beowulf is ancient englands hero.
3 apostrophies, 2 capitalization, 1 colon, 1 comma, 1 underscore the title, 1 wrong word (their vs there)

2. Sentence Correction
This story, from the misty regions of England’s past, is about a hero. To save people, he faces the following: violence, horror, and even death. The epic’s events take place in the distant past, but this story still speaks to people today. Perhaps Beowulf is interesting because there are still so many people in need of a hero, or rescuer. Beowulf is ancient England’s hero.
3 apostrophies, 2 capitalization, 1 colon, 3 commas, 1 underscore the title, 1 wrong word (their vs there)

3. Old English & Anglo-Saxons
Take notes on the following terms: epic poem, epic hero, oldest English story, bard/scop, burden of the bards, kenning, alliteration, assonance, hyperbole, and animism.

4. What do these stories have in common?
The Odyssey
The Illiad
Gilgamesh
Beowulf
They are long, old stories with poetic lines that have regular meter and rhythm.
The main characters are heroes with superhuman qualities
They have mythology: gods or godlike beings
The action takes the route of journey or adventure and the outcome involves an entire race or country.
Beowulf is to ancient England what The Odyssey and The Illiad are to ancient greece and what Gilgamesh is to _______

5. Epic poem =
A long narrative poem that relates the great deeds of a larger-than-life hero who embodies the values of a particular society.
Epic hero =
The central figure in a long narrative that reflects the values and heroic ideas of a society.
Who are today’s heroes? What qualities do they have? What values do they represent? What is the difference between Beowulf’s heroism and a hero today? (Beowulf tended to be more direct and confident, even conceded. Today’s heroes are often reserved or hidden: spiderman or superman. Or they are real heroes: police officers, firefighters, leaders of cummunity: MLK).

6. Epic Heroes Who are our heroes? What qualities do they have?
How can a hero reflect or show what values a culture has?

7. Beowulf: The Oldest English Story
Old English Middle English Modern English
present
Beowulf Canterbury Tales Macbeth Frankenstein
composed in started in
Beowulf, composed by scops or bards around the year 700 and written in Old English, is the oldest English story that we know of today.
It was passed by word of mouth for approximately 300 years before it was finally written down by an unknown Christian scribe and poet around the year This forgotten poet is believed to have changed it from a story with pagan beliefs to one with Christian morals, the story we know today.
Knowing the history of this story is important because Beowulf was a very different as an Anglo-Saxon oral tale compared to what it became after it was written down by a Christian scribe who changed it to teach moral lessons of faith in one God.
This is why knowing history of a story can be important. Beowulf was a very different as an Anglo-Saxon oral tale compared to what it became after it was written down by Christian scribes who changed it to teach moral lessons of faith in one God.

8. Bards a.k.a. Scops
Originally, Anglo-Saxon stories were passed down orally by story tellers called bards or scops. These bards were important because their stories could do the following:
Preserve bits of history,
Create heroes,
Provide a way for soldiers to be remembered after their dutiful deaths
For a culture that did not believe in an afterlife, stories past from generation to generation were the only way to be remembered – to cheat death.
“The literature of the Anglo-Saxons was handed down orally by bards aka scops who sang in the mead halls of the lords where warriors gathered to celebrate the day’s events. These scops like the Greek poets before them, remembered their stories by using stock phrases and literary devices. (kennings and alliteration)

9. Burden of the bards . . .
Bards or scops had a tough job of remembering so many lines.
The story of Beowulf, for example, is around 3,200 lines long.
Two literary devices that helped the bards remember their lines were kennings and alliteration.

10. Kennings
Kennings are descriptive figures of speech or compound words that take the place of a common noun. In short, they are multiple-word nicknames.
They were used as stock phrases to help the bards with the following:
Add descriptive detail to the story
Bide time while thinking of the next line
Flatter the thanes and soldiers and kings
As you read “The Battle with Grendel” (p 30-32), find as many kennings for Grendel, the monster, as you can. Write down all the examples that you find.

11. Kennings for Grendel “mankind’s enemy” “shepherd of evil”
“guardian of crime”
“infamous killer”

12. Kennings for Grendel continued. . .
“Almighty’s enemy”
“hell’s captive”
“sin-stained demon”
“afflictor of men”

13. Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds in words that are close to one another.
Alliteration is an essential feature in Anglo-Saxon poetry. Often, in just one line of Anglo-Saxon poetry, two or three of the stressed syllables alliterate.
Look for alliteration in the following lines from Beowulf: the Battle with Grendel’s mother (p.34-35). Write down examples that you find.
Alliteration also the bards remember lines.

14. “Then he saw
The mighty water witch and swung his sword,
His ring-marked blade, (went) straight at her head;
The iron sang its fierce song, (and)
Sang Beowulf’s strength. . .”

15. “Then he saw
The mighty water witch and swung his sword,
His ring-marked blade, (went) straight at her head;
The iron sang its fierce song, (and)
Sang Beowulf’s strength. . .”

16. “Then he saw
The mighty water witch and swung his sword,
His ring-marked blade, (went) straight at her head;
The iron sang its fierce song, (and)
Sang Beowulf’s strength. . .”

17. Assonance
Assonance = the repetition of similar vowel sounds in words that are close together.
Assonant vowels must be followed by different consonants, otherwise the words are rhymes, not assonants.
For example, the words face and base rhyme while the words face and fade are assonant.
In addition to alliteration there is assonance. While not used as much by the Anglo-Saxons, it is still an affective literary device.

18. Hyperbole
A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion or create a comic effect.
Hyperboles are also known as overstatements used to make a point.
Examples:
“It’s a 150 degrees in the shade!”
“Kill yo self!”
The tale of Beowulf is full of kennings, alliteration, assonance and hyperboles.

19. Animism
Before the Romans invaded the British isles and introduced Christianity, the religion of the Celts (the creators of the original Beowulf) was a form of animism which comes from the Latin word spirit. Animism is the belief that all natural things have a spirit. “The Celts saw spirits everywhere – in rivers, trees, stones, ponds, fire, and thunder. According to the Celts, these spirits or gods controlled all aspects of nature, and they had to be constantly satisfied. Priests called druids acted as intermediaries between the gods and the people

20. . . .Some think that Stonehenge was used by the (Celtic) Druids for religious rights having to do with the lunar and solar cycles” (Holt, Rinehart & Winston 2000).

21. Slides 28-30 = Tours to Europe

22. Last year’s tour to London & Paris

23. This year’s tour to Italy & Spain!

24. Day 1  -  Fly overnight to Italy
Day 2  -  Rome Arrive in Rome
Day 3  -  Rome Take a guided tour of Vatican City Visit the Sistine Chapel Visit St. Peter’s Basilica Take a guided tour of Rome:
Forum Romanum Visit the Colosseum Take a walking tour of Rome:
Trevi Fountain
Pantheon
Day 4  -  Assisi • Florence Travel via Assisi Visit the Basilica of St. Francis Continue on to Florence
Day 5  -  Florence Take a guided tour of Florence:
Piazza della Signoria
Ponte Vecchio
Chiesa di Santa Croce
Gates of Paradise Visit the Duomo See a leather-making demonstration Enjoy free time in Florence
Day 6  -  Florence • Night ferry Travel via Pisa See the Leaning Tower of Pisa Visit the Pisa Baptistery Visit the Pisa Cathedral Travel to Livorno Board a night ferry to Barcelona
Day 7  -  Barcelona Arrive in Barcelona
Day 8  -  Barcelona Take a guided tour of Barcelona Visit Parque Guell Take a walking tour of Barcelona:
Las Ramblas Optional: Barcelona Flamenco Evening
Day 9  -  Depart for home