1. You are what you eat!!!
Organic molecules

2. Section 4 vocabulary: (9 words)
organic chemistry
macromolecules,
polymers,
carbohydrates,
lipids,
protein,
amino acids,
nucleic acids,
nucleotides.

3. Why all of the C’s??
The element carbon is found in all living things.

4. organic chemistry 166
The branch of Chemistry devoted to the study of organic compounds, those containing carbon! Almost all life is made out of the element Carbon!!

5. Crash course carbon video

6. Why carbon? Because of its electron structure!
Draw the electron configuration for carbon.

7. Energy level

8. Where can this atom form bonds?
Energy level

9. All four sides are available to form strong covalent bonds!!!
Carbon can form straight chains or branched chains or rings C
C O
C C C C CCCCC C C
C C
This make an unlimited number of possibilities for carbon structures.

10. MACROMOLECULES 167
Large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.
Contain thousands of carbons bonded with other elements. .

11. polymers, 167
POLYMER: a large molecule formed by many smaller ones bonded together, another name for macromolecule.
Repeating units of nearly identical compounds called monomers.

12. ISOMERS
COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE THE SAME CHEMICAL FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT STRUCTURES.

13. A. Glucose, a six-membered ring monosaccharide. B
A. Glucose, a six-membered ring monosaccharide. B. Fructose, a five-membered ring monosaccharide. C. Sucrose, a disaccharide containing glucose and fructose. D. Molecular representation of starch illustrating the alpha-glycosidic linkages joining monosaccharides to form the polysaccharide structure.

14. Monomer Single units of small molecules.
Bond together to form POLYMERS
HYDROLYSIS: ADDITION OF A WATER MOLECULE TO BREAK A BOND
Dehydration synthesis: removal of a water molecule to bond together two units.

15. Organic molecules Crash course

16. CARBOHYDRATES 168
An organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. General formula CH2O
Types:
MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES

17. CARBOHYDRATES
The main function is to release and store energy for the cell.

18. monosaccharide
Glucose and fructose are examples

19. disaccharides
Sucrose = glucose and fructose bonded together

20. Lactose and maltose are also disaccharides

21. POLYSACCHARIDES MANY MONOSACCHARIDES BONDED TOGETHER IN A POLYMER.
STARCH AND GLYCOGEN ARE EXAMPLES.

22. STARCH
Starches are many monosaccharides linked together in a single chain. These are called Polysaccharides.
Plants use this for energy storage e.g. Potatoes
Two types
Amylose - Long strait unbranched chains
Pectins - many linked short Amylose chains

23. GYLCOGEN ANIMALS STORE FOOD ENERGY IN THIS FORM.
Glycogen is a moderately branched polysaccharide
Animals use this for energy storage.

24. CELLULOSE
Found in the cell walls of plants

25. Organic: contains Carbon How many valence electrons does Carbon have?
What kind of bond?

26. Fruits, veggies, and C:H:O -- 1:2:1 (CH20)n grains
Cells use Carbohydrates to store Energy and provide structural support.
Quick energy!!!
Fruits, veggies, and C:H:O -- 1:2:1 (CH20)n
grains
Similar components…different structural formulas

27. LIPIDS/FATS 169
Lipids are macromolecules made of mostly Carbon and Hydrogen including fats, waxes & oils
Primary function is energy storage.
Energy is stored in C-H bonds.
More efficient in storing energy

28. Lipids are made of 2 parts
Glycerol - an alcohol - Serves as backbone of the molecule
3 Fatty acids - Long hydrocarbon chains

29. Saturated fats have long chains with no double-bonds
Unsaturated fats have double bonds
Polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds
Each time a double bond is encountered, the molecule "Bends" slightly, resulting in a lower density of the lipid. This makes the molecule more likely to remain liquid at room or body temperatures.

30. 4 Major types of biologically important Lipids
Phospholipids - Important for membrane structure
Steroids - e.g.. Cholesterol & testosterone. Provide membrane support / serve as hormones
Terpenes - serve as important components of pigments
Prostaglandins - appear to act like localized hormones to induce cellular/tissue responses.

31. Lipids store energy and are a component of the cell membrane
C H O – no set ratio
Found in meat, nuts, butter
nonpolar
Store more Energy than carbs

32. Other Lipids
Cholesterol is a steroid found in the cell membrane of animal cells
Pigments – light absorbing compounds

33. Structure of Fats
Glycerol
“backbone”
3 fatty
acid chains

34. Saturated Fats Contain the maximum # of C-H bonds
Solid or almost solid at room temperature
Unhealthy fats!
Mostly animal fats

35. Unsaturated Fats
C=C, fewer C-H Bonds
Usually liquid at room temperature
More healthy fats
Mostly plant oils

36. PROTEINS, 170
Made up of amino acids! LARGE POLYMER MADE UP OF CARBON, HYDROGEN,OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND SOMETIMES SULFUR.

37. AMINO ACIDS 170
BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS

38. Amino acid structures

39. SOME COMMON A.A.’S Nonpolar
Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine Methionine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Proline

40. Polar
Serine Threonine Cysteine Tyrosine Asparagine Glutamine
Electrically Charged
Aspartic Acid Glutamic Acid Lysine Arginine Histidine

41. Peptide bonds hold amino acids together

42. PRIMARY 1ST
Primary Structure of a protein is it’s sequence of amino acids

43. SECONDARY 2ND
The Sequence (primary structure) causes parts of a protein molecule to fold into sheets or bend into helix shapes - this is a protein’s Seconda ry Structure.

44. TERTIARY 3RD
The protein then can compact and twist on itself to form a mass called it’s Tertiary Structure

45. QUATERNARY 4TH
Several Proteins then can combine and form a protein’s Quaternary Structure

46. DENATURE
BREAKS THE PEPTIDE BONDS OF THE PROTEIN AND MAKES THE STRUCTURE COME APART.

47. Types of Proteins
Collagen: most abundant--Skin, ligaments, tendons, bones
Enzyme: catalyst (increase the rate of chemical reactions)
Antibiodies: defend against infection
Hemoglobin: carries oxygen in blood

48. Nucleic acids, 171
Complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.
DNA and RNA are examples of nucleic acids.

49. Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids

50. DNA a double helix

51. RNA single strands
Messenger, ribosomal and transfer are all types of RNA

52. t RNA and mRNA during protein synthesis

53. ATP is an energy storage molecule necessary for cell processes.
NOT a nucleic acid
Energy currency for cell
Adenosine triphosphate
Single nucleotide with 2 extra phosphate groups

54. Food lab

55. Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are single sugars that react with a mixture called Benedict's reagent or Benedict's solution. The reaction changes the color of the reagent to green, red or orange depending oh how much sugar is present. Benedict's reagent can be used to test for the presence of many of the simple sugars.
Complete the experiment that follows with Benedict's reagent.

56. Results after five minutes of heating Benedict's solution and glucose.

57. Below are the results of two tubes heated with Benedict's reagent
Below are the results of two tubes heated with Benedict's reagent. Which one is positive for simple sugars and which is negative?

58. Add 2 milliliters of iodine to 2 milliliters of water.

59. add 2 milliliters of iodine to a starch solution.

60. Which of the tubes to the right is a positive test for starch and which is a negative?

61. Proteins
Proteins react with biuret reagent. The reaction turns the color of biuret from a light blue to violet.
Complete the experiment that follows with biuret reagent.

63. Below are two tubes with biuret reagent
Below are two tubes with biuret reagent. Which one is positive for protein and which is negative?

64. Fats

65. Sudan IV is a dye that will dissolve in fats
Sudan IV is a dye that will dissolve in fats. It will not dissolve in carbohydrates or proteins. Sudan IV will change the color of a fat to red.

66. Add 2 milliliters of Sudan IV to oil.

67. Record the color of the solution in the test tube

68. Data chart for other foods

69. SC.912.P Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible.
1. How many electrons does Carbon have in the valence shell___4____ Draw a carbon atoms valence electrons
2. How many covalent bonds does this allow it to form? ___4____
3. Are the bonds close to the nucleus or far from it? ____close___
4. Does this make them stronger or weaker than ones that are further from the nucleus? __stronger____

70. SC. 912.L Describe the basic molecular structure and primary function of the four major classes of biological macromolecules.
What are organic compounds? Those that contain carbon___
List the 4 major types of organic molecules and a brief description of each.
1. Carbohydrates: CH2O energy, Mono, di, Poly
2. Lipids: C and H no ratio, long term storage of energy, membranes
3. Proteins: made of amino acids, enzymes, structures, longer energy storage than carbs
4. Nucleic Acids: Sugar Phosphate and nitrogen base, DNA and RNA genetic information

71. 5. Amino acids in a chain can interact to form sheets or coil into more complex shapes. Why is the shape of a complex protein important? It may be an enzyme and have an active site or be a structure In an organism.
6. What property of lipids makes them the perfect component of the cell membrane? Hydrophobic/ nonpolar water barrier.
7. What are the basic building blocks of proteins? Amino acids
8. Unlike carbohydrates and fats, proteins contain nitrogen.
9. These organic molecules act as enzymes or structural components like collagen that is found in skin, tendons and bones. proteins

72. 10. Which type of organic molecule has primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures? Proteins
11. Where are phospholipids found? Cell membranes,
12. What is the function of nucleic acids? store and transmit genetic information
13. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? Sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base.

73. SC.912.L Describe the important structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things.
1. As you move from mono to di to poly saccharides what happens to the amount of energy the molecule holds? It increases. So what happens to the function of these types of molecules? They become more long term storage or structural molecules rather than quick energy sources.
2. What is the structure of a fatty acid? Long hydrocarbon chains
3. What are some of the functions they perform? _long term energy storage , insulation

74. SC. 912. L. 18. 4 Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids
SC.912.L.18.4 Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of proteins in living organisms. Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of enzymes.
1. How does the shape of a protein play a role in the function it performs? The shape is important to the role as an enzyme and the ability to accept the substrate into the active site to lower the activation energy.